Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Mobile & Wireless Systems

EE206A (Spring 2002): Lecture #1

Mani Srivastava
UCLA - EE Department
Room: 6731-H Boelter Hall
Email: mbs@ee.ucla.edu
Tel: 310-267-2098
WWW:
http://www.ee.ucla.edu/~mbs
2 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Welcome to EE206A!

 Course logistics

 Course overview
3 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Course Logistics: Instructor Info

 Email: mbs@ee.ucla.edu
 Phone: 310-267-2098
 Office: 6731-H BH
 Office hours: Th 12-2 PM, or by appointment
 I’m very responsive with email
 Usually around on weekend

 Assistant: Letty Marr, 7440D BH

letty@ea.ucla.edu
4 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Course Logistics: Prerequisites and

Status in Curriculum
 No prerequisite graduate courses
 Knowledge of computer networking and digital
communications at advanced undergraduate level
 Embedded Computing Systems elective
 Prelim question in Communications
 Related courses
 Estrin’s CS213 (Distributed Embedded Systems)
5 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Course Logistics: Grading

 One take-home examination: 17.5%
 9th or 10th week of classes
 Homeworks: 17.5%
 problem solving, analysis, theoretical, simulation
 Class presentation: 15%
 one topic per group from a specified set
 30 minute presentation
 Project: 25% results, 10% report, 5% presentation
 groups of 1-3 students
 30 minute presentation during final week
 like a conference paper and talk
 Class participation: 10%
 E.g. question you ask and how much you interact
6 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Course Logistics: Enrollment

 Limit of 30 students
 Wait till end of week 2 as many students drop out
 If you want to audit, following is the priority
 You are on the official wait list
 You contacted me - unofficial “wait list to get on to
wait list” 

If you are not serious about the course, please

drop out soon so that those is the waiting list can
enroll!
7 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Course Logistics: Project

 Dig deep into a focus area on your own
 lectures would provide a “broad” coverage
 Should have some new idea/result, even if minor
 one or more of simulation, analysis, implementation
 no paper reviews and surveys
 Project proposal due by beginning of week 3
 project web page will have suggested project topics
 may relate to your own research
• but you cannot “reuse” work already done or being done for some other
purpose
 What should be your goal?
 something useful
 similar quality as a conference paper and talk
 key is to keep the project simple, and focused
 aim high – past projects have led to papers top conferences!
8 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Course Logistics: On the Web

 Course web site URL
http://www.ee.ucla.edu/~mbs/courses/ee206a/2002s
 On-line material
 lecture viewgraphs in PDF & PPT
 check before class, and print them
 viewgraphs are organized topic-wise and would span several classes
 copies of handouts, home works, exams etc.
 important announcements

 on-line reader with pointers to URLs, Melvyl

 Class mailing list

 ee206@ee.ucla.edu

 make sure to write your name on the sign-up sheet

 If auditing, please let me know if you wish to be on the list

9 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Course Logistics: Reader &

Textbooks
 No books are required.
 A set of papers will be required reading
 average of 1-2 paper per lecture
 will relate to the core topic of that lecture
 you should read them before the lecture
 In addition, every student will present a talk
 cover alternate ideas or related topics
 lead discussion but every one is supposed to participate
 selected from a set of topics of my choosing
 I will give pointers to papers and web resources
10 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Course Logistics: Reader &

Textbooks (contd.)
 No paper reader - an “on-line reader” is being
maintained at the course web site
 bibliographic entries for various papers
 links to on-line versions if available
– or, indication whether available through Melvyl’s
INSPEC database
 hardcopies will be handed out for papers not
available on-line
 Typically access on-line papers from Melvyl (
http://www.melvyl.ucop.edu)
11 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Course Logistics: Some Books (for

your interest only…)
 Wireless Communications : Principles And Practice; Rappaport, Theodore S. Prince Hall Publishing;
09/1995;
 Mobility: Processes, Computers, and Agents; Milojicic, D. S./ Douglis, F./ Wheeler, R.G.; Addison-
Wesley, 04/1999.
 Mobile Computing (Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science, No 353);
Imielinski, Tomasz (Edt)/ Korth, Henry F. (Edt). Kluwer Academic Pub; 1/96;
 Mobile IP : Design Principles And Practices; Perkins, Charles / Woolf, Bobby. Addison Wesley;
11/1997;
 Wireless Multimedia Communications : Networking Video, Voice and Data; Wesel, Ellen Kayata.
Addison Wesley; 12/1997;
 Wireless Personal Communications; A Systems Approach; Goodman, David J. Addison Wesley;
09/1997; Principles of Mobile Communication; Stuber, Gordon L. Kluwer Academic Publishing; 6/96;


Second Generation Mobile And Wireless Technologies; Black, Uyless Prentice Hall; 09/1998;
12 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Course Logistics: Conferences and

Journals
 Conferences & Workshops
 Main: MOBICOM, MOBIHOC, INFOCOM
 Others: SIGCOM, MoMuC, ICUPC, PIMRC,
WoWMoM, ICC, Globecom, etc.

 Journals & Magazines

 Main: ACM/Baltzer WINET, ACM/Baltzer MONET,
IEEE Personal Communications
 Others: IEEE Trans of N/W, JSAC etc.
13 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Cheating & Plagiarism

 My apologies if you are one of the vast majority of students who don’t resort to
academic dishonesty
 but unfortunate incidents in my previous grad and undergrad courses
 What is cheating & plagiarism?
 Acting dishonestly, practicing fraud
 Stealing or using (without my permission) other people’s writings or ideas
• E.g. from other students, other sources such as web sites, solutions from previous
offerings of this course etc.
• Note that it doesn’t have to be literal copying – stealing ideas but presenting in a
different style is still cheating and plagiarism.
 You are also guilty if you aid in cheating & plagiarism
 My policy: zero tolerance
 HWs, paper presentation: zero score + one level reduction in course grade
 Exam, project: “F” grade for the course + report to Dean
 More than 1 incident: : “F” grade for the course + report to Dean
 Moreover, please remember that you may have to face me in other exams (e.g.
prelims, qualifiers) and professionally!
14 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava
15 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Growth in Wireless Systems

 Rapid growth in cellular/PCS voice services over the last
decade
 Cell phones everywhere!
 Wireless data still a small market, but a fast growing one
with lots of exciting action
 WLAN rapidly growing
 802.11b, 802.11a, Bluetooth
 Wide area wireless data also growing
 Ricochet’s 128 kbps IP service
 support for data in 2.5G and 3G wireless
 Wireless broadband
 Location-based services, WAP
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Why is Wireless Data Still a Small

Market?
 Lack of killer application
 Unsuitable terminal devices
 Lack of standard air interfaces and services
 Lack of universal coverage
 Poor performance of wireless WANs
 due to low bit rates, high latencies, and high error rates of
existing wide-area wireless air interfaces
 But, technology trends augur well...
 However, business factors
 high pricing and cost: offering voice service more lucrative
 spectrum shortage
17 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Favorable Technology Trends

 Availability of a pervasive data network (Internet)
 Innovative Internet-based applications and services
particularly useful to mobile users
 personalized information retrieval, access to airline
reservations systems, online trading
 Novel terminal devices
 compact size, low power, ease of use
 next generation will have built-in wireless interfaces
 Emerging wide-area wireless packet data services
 aggregate data rates of several 100 kbps
 TCP/IP-friendly link layer protocols
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WWW + Mobile Telephony = Mobile

Access to Information
600 Mobile Telephone
Users
500

400 Internet Users

300

200

100

0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
19 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Evolution in Information Systems

 Wired  wireless, e.g. wired phones  cellular

more freedom of location and time
 Voice telephony, data  multimedia
 Intelligent telecom n/w  networked computing
 intelligence at the edges of the network
 programmable servers intermixed with switching infrastructure
for rapid service deployment
 Networked computing is becoming pervasive

personal  networked  mobile  pervasive

more flexible resource usage, more freedom of location and
time, more efficient flow of information
 Moving beyond phones and PCs

embedded devices & sensor-based smart spaces
20 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Novel Wireless Terminals

Kyocera QCP 6035

Qubit’s Orbit Webpad Smartphone with Palm Handspring Treo

Danger’s Hiptop iPaq with Bluetooth

21 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Network Infrastructure
 Dynamic, programmatic creation/composition of scalable,
highly available & customizable services
 automatic adaptation to end device characteristics and network
connectivity
 dynamic composition of component services
 Diverse appliances beyond the phone and the PC
 devices plus servers in the infrastructure
 Arbitrarily powerful services on arbitrarily small clients
using an adaptive infrastructure
 computing resources mixed with switching fabric
 WAP: wireless application protocol
25 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

What is this course about?

 Mobile and wireless networked computing and
communication systems
 Emphasis on emerging systems
 beyond traditional cellular telephone systems
 wireless packet-switched data and multimedia
 beyond network of phones and PCs
 networks of large # of wireless embedded systems
 Emphasis on interaction between layers of the system
 not about radio design or communication theory
 link/network/transport, application, OS/middleware
 optimizations across layers
26 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Evolution of Mobile and RF

Wireless Systems
 1st generation: analog - voice

AMPS with manual roaming

cordless phones

packet radio

 2nd generation: digital - voice, data

 cellular & PCS with seamless roaming and integrated
paging (IS-95, IS-136, GSM)
 multizone digital cordless
 wireless LANs (802.11), MANs (Metricom), and WANs
(CDPD, Ardis, RAM, Mobitext)
27 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Beyond the 2nd Generation

 Wide-area mobile voice/data
 2.5G: GPRS
 3G standards: UMTS,/IMT2000, wideband CDMA, CDMA2000, EDGE
 Fixed Point-to-multipoint broadband wireless access 802.16
 LMDS (local multipoint distribution) 24-28GHz
 MMDS below 5 GHz
 Free space optics (Terabeam)
 Higher-speed WLAN
 802.11b (2.4GHz, 11 Mbps), 802.11a (5GHz, 54 Mbps & higher)
 HomeRF
 Personal area Networks
 Bluetooth, 802.15
 Wireless device networks
 Sensor networks, wirelessly networked robots
28 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Example: Sensor-Enhanced
Gadgets

ADXL202
• Dual Axis, ±2g
• 2.7V-5.25V Single Supply
• 1000g Shock Survival
• $40

SmartQuill (by British Telecom)

• http://www.innovate.bt.com/showcase/smartquill/index.htm
• ADXL 202 monitors movement using ‘spatial sensing’
• Password by signature recognition
29 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Example: MIT’s “Expressive

Footwear”

 Dance shoes with wireless link & a suite of sensors

 measure dynamic parameters at a dancer's foot
 differential pressure at 3 points and bend in the sole, 2-axis tilt, 3-
axis shock, height off the stage, orientation, angular rate and
translational position)
 example use: generate accompanying music
30 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Telecom View of the

Future Information Systems
People and their machines should be able to
access information and communicate with each
other easily and securely, in any medium or
combination of media - voice, data, image,
video, or multimedia - anytime, anywhere, in a
timely, cost-effective way.
George Heilmeier (CEO of Bellcore)
IEEE Communication Magazine, 1992
31 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Computing View of the

Future Information Systems
The most profound technologies are those that
disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of
everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it... the
idea of a “personal computer” itself is misplaced... the
vision of laptop machines, dynabooks and “knowledge
navigators” is only a transitional step... a new way of
thinking about computers, one that takes into account
the human world and allows the computers themselves
to vanish into the background.
Mark Weiser (Chief Technologist, Xerox PARC)
Scientific American, September1991
32 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Alternate Models of Mobile

Computing Systems
 Ubiquitous Information Access
 information distributed everywhere by the “net”
 terminal centric

users carry wireless terminals

terminal is the universal service access device

terminal adapts to location and services
 Ubiquitous Computing
 cheap computers of different scales and types embedded
everywhere

100s of computer in every room in the form of common, day-to-
day objects
 user centric

computers swapped among users

computers dedicated to service

computers adapt to location and users
33 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Novel Attributes of Mobile and

Wireless Systems
 Wireless
 limited bandwidth
 high latency
– < 3 ms indoor More
– > 100 ms outdoor (cellular, satellite)
 variable link quality
Signal
– noise, disconnections, interference Processing
 link asymmetry
 heterogeneous air interfaces
 easier snooping
 Mobility
 Portability
34 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Novel Attributes of Mobile and

Wireless Systems
 Wireless
 Mobility
 user and terminal location
– are system variables of interest
– change dynamically More
 speed of terminal mobility impacts Protocol
wireless bandwidth
Processing
 constants become variable
– location, environment, connectivity, b/w,
I/O devices, security domain
 easier spoofing
 Portability
35 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Novel Attributes of Mobile and

Wireless Systems
 Wireless
 Mobility
 Portability
 limited battery capacity
 limited computing More
Energy
 limited storage
Efficiency
 small dimensions
 risk to data (easily lost)
36 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Disconnections
 Planned vs. unplanned
 Choices?
 engineer to prevent disconnections
 gracefully cope (adapt) to disconnections
 Mask disconnections and round-trip latencies
 decouple communication from data
production/consumption

asynchronous operation (multiple REQs before
ACKs), prefetching, delayed write-back etc.
 Tolerate by autonomous operation,
caching/hoarding, local applications etc.
 disconnected filesystems, e.g. CMU’s CODA
 Good user interfaces to give feedback about
disconnection
37 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Limited Bandwidth
 Difference between indoor (1-10Mbps) and outdoor (10s
of Kbps)
 mobility, multipath
 Right metric?

bps vs. bps per user vs. bps per unit volume
 Cope by improving bandwidth usage

compression, buffering

techniques for disconnection (caching, delayed write-back)
help
 Schedule link bandwidth to improve user satisfaction

differentiate data according to quality of service

fair allocation of bandwidth
38 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Bandwidth Variability

 Variations due to change of network

 ethernet vs. wavelan vs. CDPD
 Variations due to changing wireless link condition
 fading
 How can applications cope?
 operate only when all bandwidth available
 design for worst case minimum bandwidth
 adapt to available bandwidth
 appropriate scheduling of packets on the link
39 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Time Varying Wireless Environment

 Wired networks
 problem is congestion… need to share resources
 resource reservation + scheduling can provide QoS
 Wireless networks
 sharing is only part of the problem
 available wireless link resource undergoes dramatic and rapid
changes
– multipath reflection, doppler fading, frequency collisions
 rapid signal fades and distortions as a receiver moves
 necessitates aggressive signal processing and adaptive
protocols
40 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Heterogeneous Networks
Satellite
Regional Area
Low-tier

High-tier

Local Area

Wide Area
High Mobility Low Mobility

 Seamless mobility across diverse overlay networks

 “vertical” hand-offs
 software “agents” for heterogeneity management
 IP as the common denominator?
41 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Ad Hoc Networks
• Disaster recovery
• Battlefield
• ‘Smart’ office
• Etc.

 Rapidly deployable infrastructure • Network of access devices

 Wireless: cabling impractical
 Ad-Hoc: no advance planning
 Backbone network: wireless IP
routers
• Wireless: untethered
• Ad-hoc: random deployment
• Edge network: Sensor networks,
Personal Area Networks (PANs), etc.
42 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Address Migration due to Mobility

 Dynamically changing network access point
 In current internet (and PSTN) address corresponds to
the point of attachment to n/w
 applications/calls connect to a fixed address
 active connections cannot be moved to new address
 How to support changing network access point?
 How to find the current address?
 How to do rerouting?
 How to do route optimization?
 How to do multicast?
43 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Rethinking Naming and Addresses

in Wireless Systems
 Conventional networks
 Destination has a name represented by an id
 Name maps to an address represented by an id
 Routing done by id-based address
 Large ad hoc networks, e.g. sensor networks
 Hard to name by an id
 Attribute based naming (“a sensor in the SW corner”)
 Map attributes to id, and then route using id
 Or, perhaps route using the attributes?
 How about no addresses? (get address for each transaction)
 Dynamically chosen addresses according to local density?
44 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Location-dependent Information
 Location affects configuration parameters
 DNS, timezone, printer etc.
 Location affects answer to user queries
 e.g. where is the nearest printer
 More complex location-dependent queries
 e.g. where is the nearest taxi
 Privacy concerns due to location tracking
 Changing context
 small movements may cause large changes
 caching may become ineffective
 dynamic transfer to nearest server for a service
 Localization
45 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Portability

 Power is key
 long mean-time-to-recharge, small weight, volume
 Risk to data due to easier privacy breach
 network integrated terminals with no local storage
 Small user interfaces
 small displays, analog inputs (speech, handwriting) instead
of buttons and keyboards
 Small storage capacity
 data compression, network storage, compressed virtual
memory, compact scripts vs. compiled code
46 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Low Power & Energy-awareness

 Battery technology is a hurdle… no Moore’s Law to help
out
 Typical laptop: 30% display, 30% CPU, 30% rest
 wireless communication and multimedia processing incur
significant power overhead
 Low power
 circuits, architectures, protocols
 Power management
 Right power at the right place at the right time
 Battery model
47 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Battery Technology
Battery Rechargeable? Gravimetric Density Volumetric Density
(Wh/lb) (Wh/l)
Alkaline-MnO2 NO 65.8 347
(typical AA)
Silver oxide NO 60 500
Li/MnO2 NO 105 550
Zinc Air NO 140 1150
NiCd YES 23 125
Li-Polymer YES 65-90 300-415

 Battery technology has historically improved at a

very slow pace
 NiCd improved by x2 over 30 years!
 require breakthroughs in chemistry
48 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Summary: Challenges in Mobile and

Wireless Computing

 Portable, energy-efficient devices

 End-to-end quality of service
 Seamless operation under context changes
 Context-aware operation
 Secure operation
 Sophisticated services for simple clients
49 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Key Issue: Resource Awareness

Inherent unpredictability
Ad-hoc architecture Self-configuration
Wireless communications Variability

Solution: adaptation
Select required performance level Operate always at peak performance
Settings based on external Fixed settings set by worst case
conditions conditions

Resource awareness
“right resource at the right time and the right place”

Wireless Backbone Networks Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks

 High traffic load  Unattended operation
 Limited available spectrum  Limited available battery
Focus on transmission resources Focus on energy resources
 50 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Generic Mobile and Wireless

System Architecture
Partitioning

Cross-layer Optimizations
Application & Services Source coding, DSP
Context adaptation
This Course

Disconnection management
OS & Middleware Power management
QoS management

Rerouting
Network Impact on TCP
Location tracking

Multiple access
Data Link Link error control
Channel allocation

Wireless channel models

Radio, IR Channel coding

RF circuits, Radio modems
Antennas
51 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Goal for This Course

Explain the impact of Mobility, Wireless, and

Energy Efficiency on Link, Network, OS, and
Application Layers in End-point, Network
Infrastructure, and Services for Networked
Wireless/Mobile Embedded Systems.
52 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Course Plan: Topics

 Physical layer concepts (radio propagation, wireless

channel, antennas, novel forms of wireless comm)
 Link layer protocols, medium access, adaptivity, packet
scheduling
 Mobile-IP, ad hoc routing, wireless TCP, QoS in mobile
networks
 Sensor network protocols and algorithms
 Low power and power management
 OS, middleware, and application issues
 Other emerging topics as time permits
53 Copyright 2002  Mani Srivastava

Reading List for This Lecture

 MANDATORY READING
[Weiser91] M. Weiser, "The Computer for the 21st Century,"
Scientific American, vol. 265, no. 3, pp. 94-104, September 1991.
(draft copy at
http://www.ubiq.com/hypertext/weiser/SciAmDraft3.html)

 RECOMMENDED READING
None.