Week-3 & 4

The System Unit

 Mother Board
 CMOS, BIOS
 Processor
 Machine Cycle
 System Clock
 Multi-Core Processor
 Basic Unit of Measurement
 Data Representation
Week-3 & 4 (Cont’d)

Memory
 Types of Memory
 RAM

 DRAM
 SRAM
 ROM
 Cache Memory
 Flash Memory
 Access Time
 Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards
 Ports, Buses
 Input Devices
 System Unit
 The System Unit is a case which system unit

is just like a box made up of a metal

or plastic.
This casing actually contain the
electronic components of a computer
used to process data.
 The casing is some time called Chassis
 The most important component of this system unit

System box is Mother Board. system unit

All the components are installed

on this Mother Board. system unit

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 The System Unit
 What are common components inside the system unit?
 Processor power supply drive bays

 Memory
 Adapter cards processor

 Sound card memory

 Modem card ports

 Ports
 Drive bays
 Power supply sound card

modem card video card

network card

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 Mother Board adapter cards
processor chip
 It is the main circuit board of
the system unit.
 It is the centralized platform
where all the hardware components
of a computer are connected. memory chips
 Many electronic components are
built-in on it while some of them we
can attached with it .
 The processor chips,
memory chips & the other
memory slots
components on the motherboard
Expansion
consist one or more chip’s. slots for
adapter cards motherboard

Most chip’s are not bigger than one-half inch square.

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 CMOS, BIOS
 Each and every Motherboard has a small battery cell “CMOS
memory”.
 It gives to Motherboard a small amount of power to remember
the settings such as hardware configurations, date and time etc

 BIOS is kind of software which holds the most important data

for machine.
 It informs the PC about the compatibility of Motherboard with
different hardware components such as CPU etc…
 It is the most important component which resides in the ROM
CHIP (Read Only Memory) of the Motherboard.

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 Mother Board (Cont’d)
 Small piece of semi-conducting material on which integrated
dual inline
circuits are etched packages (DIP)
holds memory
 Two types of packaging for processor chips

and memory chip’s on desktop computers

motherboard
 PGA
 It holds a larger number of pins,

these pins are mounted on the

surface of the package.
 DIP pin grid
array (PGA)
 It consist two parallel rows of package
holds processor
downward pointing pins that chips

attached to the circuit board.

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 Processor
 The Processor is also called Central Processing Unit (CPU).
 All the CPUs looks very similar, but they are different in the way,
they have different numbers of pins and different layouts.

“Central Processing Unit (CPU) is an electronic device that interprets

and carries out the instructions that operates the computer.

 The processor significantly impact over all computing power &

manages most of computer operations.
 On larger computers, such as Mini or Mainframe computers, the
various functions performed by the processor extend over many
separate chips and often on multiple circuit boards.
 On a personal computer, all function of the processor usually are on
a single chip.
 Some computer manufacturer use the term Microprocessor which
refers to a personal computer chip.
 Most PC’s today use processors manufactured by IntEL, AMD etc..
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Processor (Cont’d)

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 Processor (Cont’d)
 The combination of Arithmetic Logic Unit and Control Unit is
called as Central Processing Unit (CPU). OR The two main parts
of CPU are ALU & CU.

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 Processor (Cont’d)
 ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU)
 This component of the computer is responsible for the actual
processing.
 This component is capable to perform all types of arithmetic
operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division etc.
 Also it is capable to perform logical operations such as AND,
OR etc. it is capable of comparison as well.
 The ALU is connected to a set of registers—small & faster
memory areas in the CPU, which hold data and program
instructions while they are being processed.

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 Processor (Cont’d)
 Registers are the part of the processor, not a part of memory
or storage devices.
 It contain different type of registers, each with a specific
storage functions. E.g. General purpose registers used for
arithmetic operations & data movement. AX, BX, CX, DX
 Register function includes
 Storing the location from where an instruction is fetched,

 Storing the location while the CU encode/decode it,

 Storing data while the ALU compute it and

 Storing the results after a calculation.

 Today, most PCs have 32-bit registers, mean the CPU can
process four bytes of data at one time.
 Register sizes are rapidly growing to 64 bits.
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 Processor (Cont’d)
 ALU Operations List

Arithmetic Logical
Operations Operations
+ Add ,  equal to, not equal to

 Subtract >, > greater than, not greater than

x Multiply <, < less than, not less than

 Divide ,  greater than or equal to,
not greater than or equal to
^ Raise by a power ,  less than or equal to,
not less than or equal to

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 Processor (Cont’d)
 CONTROL UNIT (CU)
 This unit is responsible for the overall supervision of the
computer system.
 It does not perform the actual processing but by reading and
interpreting the instructions contained in a program, Control Unit
(CU) directs other unit of the system to perform a specific task.
 Control unit (CU) behaves like a traffic police instructor. It
manages the functions performed by different parts of computer.
 It controls and coordinates the entire computer system, just the
brain directs the human body.
 It is responsible to accept data from input device and send it to
the memory, from memory to ALU, finally CU sent back the
results and store in the memory, until the results are released to
an output device.
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 Machine Cycle

 The CPU follows a set of steps-called a machine cycle-for each

instruction it carries out.
 By using a technique called pipelining, many CPUs can process more
than one instruction at a time.
 Four operations of the CPU comprise a machine cycle
Step 1. Fetch
Obtain program instruction or
data item from memory

Memory
Step 2.
Step 4. Store
Write result to memory Decode
Translate
Processor instruction into
commands
ALU Step 3. Execute Carry Control Unit
out command

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 System Clock
 Controls timing of all computer operations
 Generates regular electronic pulses, or ticks, that set
operating pace of components of system unit

Pace of system
clock is clock speed
Most clock speeds are Processor speed can
Each tick in the gigahertz (GHz) also be measured in
is a range (1 GHz = one millions of instructions
per second (MIPS) or in FLOPs
clock cycle billion ticks of system
clock per second)

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 Heat Sink
 Heat sink—component
heat sink fan
with fans that cools
processor

heat sink

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 Parallel Processing
 Using multiple Control Processor
processors
simultaneously to
execute a program
faster
Processor 1 Processor 2 Processor 3 Processor 4
 Requires special
software to divide Memory Memory Memory Memory

problem and bring

results together

Results combined

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 Multi-Core Processor
 A Multi-Core Processor is a processing system composed of two or
more independent cores. The cores are typically integrated onto a
single integrated circuit die(known as a chip multiprocessor or CMP).
 Core
 Basic processing area of a computer processor
 Die
 A die in the context of integrated circuits is a small block of
semiconducting material, on which a given functional circuit is
fabricated.
 A medium-scale integrated circuit die

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 Multi-Core Processor (Cont’d)

 A Dual-Core and Core 2 Duo Processor contains two cores, and a

Quad-Core Processor contains four cores.
 A Multi-core processor implements multiprocessing in a single physical
package.
 Cores in a multi-core device coupled together tightly.
 Cores may or may not share caches.
 Dual Core and Core 2 Duo’s are both dual core processor.
 Core2 duo only takes advantage because
 The Core 2 Duo has the same L2 cache but it has more cache size than
a Dual core. However,
 There are architectural changes to the silicon that give the Core 2 Duo
more sophisticated processing.
 The single- and dual-core models are single-die, whereas the quad-core
models comprise two dies, each containing two cores, packaged in a
multi-chip module.

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 Basic Units Of Measurement
 BIT
 BInary digiT
 Smallest unit of measurement
 Two possible values 0 & 1

ON or OFF

BYTE

8 bits

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 Data Representation (Cont’d)

 Eight bits grouped together as a unit

 Provides enough different combinations of 0s and 1s
to represent 256 individual characters
 Numbers
 Uppercase
and lowercase
letters
 Punctuation
marks

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 Data Representation (Cont’d)

 ASCII—American Standard Code for Information Interchange

 EBCDIC—Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
 Unicode—coding scheme capable of representing all
world’s languages

ASCII Symbol EBCDIC

00110000 0 11110000
00110001 1 11110001
00110010 2 11110010
00110011 3 11110011

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 Data Representation (Cont’d)

 How is a letter converted to binary form and back?

Step 1. Step 2.
The user presses An electronic signal for the
the capital letter capital letter D is sent to the
D (shift+D key) on system unit.
the keyboard.

Step 4. Step 3.
The signal for the capital letter
After processing, the binary
code for the capital letter D is
D is converted to its ASCII
binary code (01000100) and is
converted to an image, and
stored in memory for processing.
displayed on the output device.

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 Basic Units Of Measurement
(Processor And Memory Speed)
 Millisecond (ms) – a thousandth of a second (1/1,000 = 10-3)
 Microsecond (µs) - a millionth of a second (1/1,000,000 = 10-6)
 Nanosecond (ns) – a billionth of a second (1/1,000,000,000 = 10-9)

 Large Units Of Measurement (Memory, Storage)

 Note: powers of two are used because computer memory and
storage are based on the basic unit (bit).
 Kilobyte (KB) – a thousand bytes (1,024 = 210)
 Megabyte (MB) -1,024 KB - a million (1,048,576 = 220)
 Gigabyte (GB) –1,024 MB - a billion (1,073,741,824 = 230)
 Terabyte (TB) – a trillion (1,099,511,627,776 = 240)

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 Memory
 The electronic component which provides storage capability to a
computer is called Memory.
 Memory contains one or more sets of
Seat #2B4 Seat #2B3
chips that store data/program
instructions need processing,
either temporarily or permanently.
 All the computers which are used
today needs memory or storage capability.
 The CPU accesses each location
in memory by using a unique number,
called the memory address.
 Each byte stored
in unique location
called an address,
similar to addresses
on a passenger train

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 Memory (Cont’d)

 The are two types of Memory

 Random Access Memory
 Read Only Memory

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 Random Access Memory
 RAM is also called volatile memory and Keeps the information
for a shorter period of time because RAM Lost information if
powered off or the computer is shutdown.
 RAM store data or instructions, the computer then uses these
instructions to perform any processing work.
 The contents of RAM change rapidly and often.
 Typical ranges from Mega Bytes to Giga Bytes
 Random Access means direct access to any part of memory
Memory chips that can be
read from and written
to by processor
Most RAM is
Also called
volatile, it is lost
main memory
when computer’s
or primary
power is
storage
turned off
The more RAM a
computer has, the
faster it responds
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How do program instructions transfer in and out of RAM?
RAM Step 1. When you start the computer, certain
operating system files load into RAM from the
Operating system Operating system hard disk. The operating system displays the user
instructions interface interface on the screen.

Step 2. When you start a word processing

Word processing program, the program’s instructions load into
Word processing RAM from the hard disk. The word processing
program program, along with the Web Browser and certain
program window
instructions operating system instructions are in RAM. The
word processing program window is displayed on
the screen.
RAM
Step 3. When you quit a program, such as the
Web browser, its program instructions are
removed from RAM. The Web browser no longer
Web browser is displayed on the screen.
program instructions Web browser
are removed from window no longer
RAM is displayed on
desktop

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 Where does Memory Reside?
dual inline memory module

 Resides on small
circuit board called
memory module
memory chip memory slot
 Memory slots on
motherboard hold
memory modules

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 Random Access Memory (Cont’d)

 The amount of RAM in a PC has a direct affect on the system's

speed.
 The more RAM a PC has, the more program instructions and data
can be held in memory, which is faster than storage on disk.
 More RAM = Better Performance !

 There are two types of RAM

 Dynamic RAM
 Static RAM AbduSalam 31
 Random Access Memory (Cont’d)

 Dynamic RAM
 Dynamic RAM (DRAM) chips must be recharged with
electricity very frequently, or they will lose their contents.
 DRAM is further divided in two types
 SDRAM

 DDR-SDRAM

 It achieves twice the bandwidth of the preceding single data rate

SDRAM

 Static RAM
 Static RAM (SRAM) does not need to be recharged as often
as DRAM, and can hold its contents longer.

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 Random Access Memory (Cont’d)

 DDR SDRAM
 DDR 2 SDRAM

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 Read Only Memory
 ROM is non-volatile memory.
 The kind of memory is generally programmed by manufacturer.
 It contains information that is permanently stored. The
contents of ROM are set during manufacturing process. Most of
the ROMs are special purpose memories.
 Example of ROM is BIOS (Basic Input Output System).

 TYPES OF ROM

 PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)

 Normally ROM’s are not writable but PROM’s are writable. Data can
be written to PROM’s using special devices.
 Data once written cannot be removed. Ultraviolet Rays are used to
write data in PROM’s.

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 Read Only Memory (Cont’d)
 EEPROM (Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory)
 EEPROM needs an electric impulse to write or erase data.
 It has all the features of EPROM except the difference of
erasing technique i.e. it uses electric impulse instead of
ultraviolet light rays for erasing.
 Therefore erasing can be achieved through the use of
keyboard commands without removing the chip physically
from the computer.

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 Cache Memory
 Cache memory is high-speed memory that holds the most recent
data and instructions that have been loaded by the CPU.
 Cache is located directly on the CPU or between the CPU and
RAM, making it faster than normal RAM.
 CPU-resident cache is called Level-1 (L1) cache.
 L1 cache usually has a very small capacity, ranging from 8 KB to
128 KB. The most common size is 128 KB.
 External cache is called Level-2 (L2) cache.
 L2 cache is slower then L1 cache but has much larger capacity,
ranging from 64 KB to 4 MB.
 The amount of cache memory has a tremendous impact on the
computer's speed.
 When the processor needs an instruction or data, it searches
memory in this order, L1 cache, then L2 cache, then RAM.
 If the instructions or data is not found in memory then it must
search a slower speed storage medium such as a hard disk,
compact disc etc.
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 Flash Memory
 Nonvolatile memory that can be erased electronically and
reprogrammed
 Used with PDAs, digital cameras, digital cellular phones,
music players and digital voice recorders.

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 Access Time
 Amount of time it takes processor
to read data from memory
 Measured in nanoseconds (ns),
one billionth of a second
 It takes 1/10 of a second to blink
your eye; a computer can perform
up to 10 million operations in same amount of time

Term Speed
Millisecond One-thousandth of a second
Microsecond One-millionth of a second
Nanosecond One-billionth of a second
Picosecond One-trillionth of a second

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 Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards
 What is an adapter card?
 Enhances system unit or provides connections to
external devices called peripherals
 Also called an expansion card

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 Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards
 What is an expansion slot?
 An opening, or socket,
on the motherboard
that can hold an
adapter card
 With Plug and Play,
the computer
automatically
configures cards
and other devices
as you install them

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 Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards
 Video Adapter
 The electronic components that generate the signal that is sent
through a cable to a video display.
 It is usually located on the computer's main system board or on
an expansion board, but it is sometimes builtin.
 e.g VGA

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 Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards
 What are PC cards and flash memory cards?
 A flash memory card allows users to
transfer data from mobile devices to
desktop computers

 A PC card adds memory, sound, modem, and

other capabilities to notebook computers

 Hot plugging allows you to insert

and remove cards while computer
is running

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 Ports
 Port connects external devices to system unit

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 Ports (Cont’d)

 What is a serial port?

 Transmits one bit of data at a

time
 Connects slow-speed devices, such
as mouse, keyboard etc

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 Ports
 What is a parallel port?
 Connects devices that can
transfer more than one bit at a
time, such as a printer

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 Buses
 Channel that allows devices inside
computer to communicate with
each other
 System bus connects
processor and RAM
 Bus width determines
number of bits transmitted
at one time

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 Buses (Cont’d)

 What is an expansion bus?

 Allows processor to communicate with peripherals

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 Mobile Computers
 What is a mobile computer?
flash memory card

PDA
PC Cards in PC
Card slots
CD or DVD drive

disk in floppy
disk drive battery

notebook computer
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 Input Devices
 Input is any data or instruction entered into the memory of a computer.
 People have a variety of options available to input data, and instructions
into a computer. Such as, user can type character on a keyboard, click a
button or roll a wheel on a mouse, press a finger on a touch screen, speak
into a microphone, send images from a digital camera or scan image.
 Input Devices
 An input device is any hardware component that allow user to enter data
or instruction into a computers.

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 The Keyboard
 The most commonly used input device is the keyboard on which data is
entered by manually keying in or typing certain keys. A keyboard typically
has 101 or 105 keys, and often attach via a cable to a serial port, or USB
port on the system unit.

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 The Mouse
 It is a pointing device which is used to control the movement of
a mouse pointer on the screen to make selections from the
screen.
 A mouse has one to five buttons. The bottom of the mouse is
flat and contains a mechanism that detects movement of the
mouse.
Wheel Cordless
Mouse Mouse

 Wheel mouse – Contains a rotating wheel used to scroll vertically

within a text document; connects to PS/2 port or USB port
 Cordless mouse – Uses infrared signals to connect to the
computer’s IrDA port; it must be within sight of the receiving
port
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 The Mouse (Cont’d)
 Mouse buttons enable the user to initiate actions.
 Clicking (left-, right-, or double-clicking) allows the user to
select an item on the screen or open a program or dialog box

 Click and Drag – Holding down the left mouse button and
moving the mouse enables the user to move objects on the
screen

 An optical mouse has no moving mechanical parts inside.

 Optical mouse uses devices that emit and sense light to detect
the mouse movement.
 Some uses optical sensor, other uses a laser.
 An optical mouse that uses a laser usually requires a special
mouse pad.
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 Touchpad & Pointing Stick
 Touchpad
 A touchpad is a small, flat, rectangular pointing device that is sensitive
to pressure and motion. To move the pointer using a touchpad, slide the
finger tip across the surface of the pad.
 Some touchpad have one or more buttons around the edges of the pad,
that work like mouse buttons.

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 Pointing Stick
 Pointing Stick
 A pointing stick is a pressure sensitive pointing device shaped like a
pencil eraser that is positioned b/w keys on a keyboard.
 To move the pointer using s pointing stick, we push the pointing stick
with a finger.

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 Joystick
 User run game software or flight & driving simulation software often
use a joystick as a pointing device.
 A joy stick is a vertical lever mounted on a base. We move the lever on
different directions to control the action of the simulated vehicle or
player.
 The lever usually includes buttons called Triggers that we press to
active certain events.

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