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January 24, 2011 Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department Florida Institute of Technology D. R. Kirk
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Streamlines
Stagnation Point
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http://www.aerolab.com/water.html
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Flow very close to surface of airfoil is Influenced by friction and is viscous (boundary layer flow) Stall (separation) is a viscous phenomena Flow away from airfoil is not influenced by friction and is wholly inviscid
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General Rule of Thumb: If flow speed is less than about 100 m/s (or less than 225 MPH) flow can be considered incompressible or If flow is less than Mach 0.3, flow can be considered incompressible Mach number, M: ratio of local velocity to local speed of sound, V/a
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BASIC AERODYNAMICS
Introduction to Flight by Anderson Chapter 4: 4.1-4.9 This chapter is going to be a challenge to you. There are lots of new concepts, ideas, and ways of looking at things. Expect it to be different, and go at it with enthusiasm. Be sure that you are familiar with example problems
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GOALS: Develop foundation of theoretical development (mathematical) Gain insight into physical phenomena taking place
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3 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
1. Mass is neither created nor destroyed (mass is conserved) Conservation of Mass Often also called: Continuity 1. Sum of Forces = Time Rate Change of Momentum (Newtons 2nd Law) Often reduces to: Sum of Forces = Mass x Acceleration (F = ma) Momentum Equation Bernoullis Equation, Euler Equation, Navier-Stokes Equation 1. Energy neither created nor destroyed (energy is conserved) Can only change physical form Energy Equation (1st Law of Thermodynamics)
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A1V1 = A2V2
continuity
1 1 2 p1 + V1 = p2 + V22 2 2
Bernoulli
Compressible, isentropic (adiabatic and frictionless) flow along a streamline or in a stream tube of varying area T, p, , and V are all variables
1 A1V1 = 2 A2V2
p1 1 T1 ( 1) = = p2 2 T2 1 2 1 2 c pT1 + V1 = c pT2 + V2 2 2 p1 = 1 RT1 p2 = 2 RT2
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Funnel wall A1 V1
Stream tube A2
V2
As long as flow is steady, mass that flows through cross section at point 1 (at entrance) must be same as mass that flows through point 2 (at exit) Flow cannot enter or leave any other way (definition of a stream tube) Also applies to solid surfaces, pipe, funnel, wind tunnels, airplane engine What goes in one side must come out the other side
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SIMPLE EXAMPLE
Given air flow through converging nozzle, what is exit area, A2?
p1=1.2x105 N/m2 T1=330 K V1=10 m/s A1= 5m2 p2=? T2=? V2=30 m/s A2=?
IF flow speed < 100 m/s assume flow is incompressible (1=2) m1 = m2 = 1 A1V1 = 2 A2V2
A1V1 = A2V2 V1 10 5 A2 = A1 = 5 = = 1.67 m 2 V2 30 3 Conservation of mass could also give velocity, V2, if A2 was known Conservation of mass tells us nothing about p , T , etc.
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Consider a small fluid element moving along a streamline Element is moving in x-direction
dy dz dx
What are forces on this element? 1. Pressure (force x area) acting in normal direction on all six faces 2. Frictional shear acting tangentially on all six faces (neglect) 3. Gravity acting on mass inside element (neglect)
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Pressure varies from point to point in a flow There is a change in pressure per unit length, dp/dx
dy
dy
dV a= dt dx V= dt dV dx dV dx dV a= = = V dt dx dx dt dx
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NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS
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Relate p1 and V1 at point 1 to p2 and V2 at point 2 Integrate Eulers equation from point 1 to point 2 taking = constant
dp + VdV = 0
p2
p1
dp + VdV = 0
V1
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V2
V22 V12 p2 p1 + 2 2 =0
BERNOULLIS EQUATION
2 2
2 1
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SIMPLE EXAMPLE
Given air flow through converging nozzle, what is the exit pressure, p2?
p1=1.2x105 N/m2 T1=330 K V1=10 m/s A1= 5m2 p2=? T2=? V2=30 m/s A2=?
Since flow speed < 100 m/s assume flow is incompressible (1=2)
p1 1.2 x105 kg 1 = = = 1.27 3 RT1 ( 287 )( 330 ) m p2 = p1 + 1 1 N V12 V22 = 1.2 x10 5 + (1.27 ) 10 2 30 2 = 1.195 x105 2 2 2 m
Since the velocity is increasing along the flow, it is an accelerating flow Notice that even with a 3-fold increase in velocity the pressure decreases by only about 0.8 %, which is characteristic of low velocity flow 36
A1V1 = A2V2
continuity
1 1 2 p1 + V1 = p2 + V22 2 2
Bernoulli
What if flow is high speed? What if there are temperature effects? How does the density change?
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