Arteriovenous crossings

It’s a normal anatomical finding

Histologically: Arterial adventitia merges
venous glial coverings
 Branch vein occlusion
Strong association with systemic disease
(DBT-Hypertension)
Rule out: Hyperviscosity, carotid disease,
cardiovascular disease, autoimmune
disorders.
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
Rule out embolic sources: Heart, carotids,
endocarditis, self-injected emboli, cardiac
catherization, etc.
Sudden onset (within seconds): painless
light perception.
Poor outcome despite intervention
 Branch Artery Occlusion

Systemic disease (Carotid-Heart)

Embolic sources, no exogenous

compression (BRVO)
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Strong association with systemic disease
Maximal threat to neovascularization
Ischemic and non-ischemic forms
CWS-Flame shaped-dot blot hemorrhages
Disc swelling
Rule out glaucoma
 Neovascularization
Vasoproliferative stimulus

Neovascular development through the

internal limiting membrane, proliferating on
the retinal surface, and vitreous

Development of fibrovascular scaffolding