CH 3 Bank Financial Statements 1 (Balance Sheet)

Ninth Edition
Chapter 3
Bank Financial statements(1)
(Balance Sheet):
Report of Condition
Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Chapter Preview
• In this chapter, we examine how banking is conducted
to earn the highest profits possible. In the commercial
banking setting, we look at loans, balance sheet
management, and income determinants. Topics
include:
– The Bank Balance Sheet
– Basics of Banking
– General Principles of Bank Management
– Off-Balance Sheet Activities
The Bank Balance Sheet (Report of Condition)
The Balance Sheet of a Bank Showing its Assets,
Liabilities and Net Worth
• Total assets = total liabilities + capital
• A bank’s balance sheet lists sources of bank
funds (liabilities) and uses to which they are
put (assets)
• Banks invest these liabilities (sources) into
assets (uses) in order to create value for their
capital providers
C + S + L + MA = D + NDB + EC
C = Cash Assets D = Deposits

S = Security NDB = Non deposit
Holdings Borrowings
L = Loans
MA = Miscellaneous EC = Equity Capital
Assets
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights

Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e Reserved. 5-4
Cash Assets
• Account is Called Cash and Deposits Due
from Bank
• Includes:
– Vault Cash
– Deposits with Other Banks (Correspondent
Deposits)
– Cash Items in Process of Collection
– Reserve Account with the Federal Reserve
• Sometimes Called Primary Reserves
Securities: The Liquid Portion
• Often Called Secondary Reserves

• Include:
– Short Term Government Securities
– Privately Issued Money Market
Securities
• Interest Bearing Time Deposits
• Commercial Paper
Investment Securities
• These are the Income Generating Portion
of Securities
• Taxable Securities
– U.S. Government Notes
– Government Agency Securities
– Corporate Bonds
• Tax-Exempt Securities
– Municipal Bonds

Trading Account Assets
• Securities purchased for to Provide

Short-Term Profits from Short-Term
Price Movements
• When the Bank Acts as a Securities
Dealer
• Valued at Market
Federal Funds Sold and Reverse
Repurchase Agreements
• A Type of Loan Account
• Generally Overnight Loans
• Federal Funds Sold - Funds Come from
the Deposits at the Federal Reserve
• Reverse Repurchase Agreements – Bank
Takes Temporary Title to Securities
Owned by Borrower

Loan Accounts
• Gross Loans – Sum of All Loans

• Allowance for Possible Loan Losses
– Contra Asset Account
– For Potential Future Loan Losses
• Net Loans
• Unearned Discount Income
• Nonperforming Loans

Types of Loans
• Commercial and Industrial Loans
• Consumer Loans (Loans to Individuals)
• Real Estate Loans
• Financial Institution Loans
• Foreign Loans
• Agriculture Production Loans
• Security Loans
• Leases
Allowance for Loan Losses
Beginning ALL
+ Provision for Loan Loss (Income
Statement)
= Adjusted Allowance for Loan Losses
- Actual Charge-Offs
+ Recoveries from Previous Charge-Offs
= Ending Allowance for Loan Losses
Specific and General Reserves
• Specific Reserves
– Set Aside to Cover a Particular Loan
– Designate a Portion of ALL or
– Add More Reserves to ALL
• General Reserves
– Remaining ALL
• Determined by Management But Influenced by
Taxes and Government Regulation
• Loans to Lesser Developed Countries Require
Allocated Transfer Reserves
Miscellaneous Assets
• Bank Premises and Fixed Assets

• Other Real Estate Owned (OREO)
• Goodwill and Other Intangibles

Deposit Accounts
• Non interest-Bearing Demand Deposits

• Savings Deposits
• Now Accounts
• Money Market Deposit Accounts
(MMDA)
• Time Deposits

Nondeposit Borrowings
• Fed Funds Purchased
• Securities Sold Under Agreement to
Repurchase (Repurchase Agreements)
• Acceptances Outstanding
• Eurocurrency Borrowings
• Subordinated Debt
• Limited Life Preferred Stock
• Other Liabilities

Equity Capital
• Preferred Stock
• Common Stock
– Common Stock Outstanding
– Capital Surplus
– Retained Earnings (Undivided Profits)
– Treasury Stock
– Contingency Reserve

Off-Balance-Sheet Items
1- Unused Commitments
2- Fee income from
– Foreign exchange trades for customers
– Guarantees of debt
3- Trading Activities and Risk Management
Techniques
– Foreign exchange trading
– Derivative Contracts (Futures Contracts – Options –Swaps)
• All these activities involve risk and
potential conflicts

Other view of bank balance sheet
The Bank Balance Sheet: Assets
1- Cash Assets:
Account is called Cash and Deposits Due from Bank.
Includes:
a- Vault Cash or reserves: funds held in account with
the Fed (vault cash as well).
b- Required reserves : Reserve Account with the
Federal Reserve.
They represent what is required by law under current
required reserve ratios.
Any reserves beyond this area called excess reserves.
c- Deposits at Other Banks: usually deposits from
small banks at larger banks (referred to as
correspondent banking)
d- Cash items in Process of Collection: checks
deposited at a bank, funds from other bank have
not yet been transferred.
• All the 4 items sometimes called Primary
Reserves
- Reserves, Cash items in Process of Collection,
and Deposits at Other Banks are collectively
referred to as Cash Items in our balance sheet
• Account for 16% of assets in American banks
2- Securities:
• Often Called Secondary Reserves
• Include:
– Short Term Government Securities. Short-term Treasury debt
is a secondary reserve because of its high liquidity.
– Privately Issued Money Market Securities
– Taxable Securities (Government Agency Securities -
Corporate Bonds)
– Tax-Exempt Securities (Municipal Bonds)
– Trading Account Assets
• Securities purchased for to Provide Short-Term Profits from
Short-Term Price Movements
• When the Bank Acts as a Securities Dealer
• Valued at Market Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
3- Loans: a bank’s income-earning assets
• Not very liquid
• Types of Loans
• Commercial and Industrial Loans
Consumer Loans (Loans to Individuals)
Real Estate Loans
Financial Institution Loans
Foreign Loans
Agriculture Production Loans
Security Loans
Leases
4- Other Assets: bank buildings, computer systems,
other equipment, Goodwill and Other Intangibles.
The Bank Balance Sheet: Liabilities
1- Checkable Deposits: accounts that allow the owner
(depositor) to write checks to third parties
– non-interest earning checking accounts
– money-market deposit accounts
- Lowest cost funds - safe and liquid, but offer low interest.
2- Nontransaction Deposits: primary source of bank
liabilities and are accounts from which the depositor cannot
write checks
– savings accounts
– time deposits (CDs or certificates of deposit)
• Highest cost of funding, but most stable for bank
3- Borrowings: funds from the Federal Reserve System, other banks, and
corporations
– discount loans/advances (from the Fed)
– fed funds (from other banks)
– interbank offshore dollar deposits (from other banks),
• More volatile than other liabilities
4- Bank Capital: is the source of funds supplied by the bank owners. It

includes:
. Preferred Stock
• Common Stock
– Common Stock Outstanding
– Capital Surplus
– Retained Earnings (Undivided Profits)
– Treasury Stock
– Contingency Reserve
Basics of Banking
• Asset transformation is, for example, when a bank
takes your savings deposits and uses the funds to make,
say, a mortgage loan.
• Banks tend to “borrow short and lend long” (in terms of
maturity).
• T-account Analysis:
– Deposit of $100 cash into First National Bank
First National Bank

Assets Liabilities Blank
Vault Cash $100+ Checkable deposits $100+
• Deposit of $100 check
First National Bank

Assets Liabilities
Reserves $100+ Checkable deposits $100+
Second National Bank

Assets Blank Liabilities Blank
Reserves $100− Checkable deposits $100−
• Conclusion: When bank receives deposits, reserves

increase by equal amount;
• when bank loses deposits, reserves drop by equal amount
• This simple analysis gets more complicated when
we add bank regulations to the picture.
• T-account Analysis:
– Deposit of $100 cash into First National Bank
First National Bank
Assets Blank Liabilities Blank
Required reserves +10 Checkable deposits +100
Excess reserves +90 Blank Blank
$10 of the deposit must remain with the bank to

meeting federal regulations.
Bank is free to work with the $90
The bank loans the $90 to its customers
General Principles of Bank Management
Now let’s look at how a bank manages its assets
and liabilities. The bank has four primary
concerns:
1.Liquidity management
2.Asset management
– Managing credit risk
– Managing interest-rate risk
3.Liability management
4.Managing capital adequacy
Liquidity Management
Reserves requirement = 10%, Excess reserves = $10
million
First National Bank

Assets Liabilities
reserves 20 Checkable deposits 100
Loans 80 Bank Capital 10
Securities 10 Blan
k
Deposit outflow of $10 million
•With 10% reserve requirement, bank still has excess
reserves of $1 million: no changes needed in balance sheet
First National Bank

Assets Liabilities
Securities 10 Blank Blan
k
Liquidity Management – No Excess Reserves
• Reserves requirement = 10%,
• Excess reserves = $0 million
First National Bank

Assets Liabilities
Securities 10 Blank Blan
k
Deposit outflow of $10 million
•With no excess reserves, bank has a shortfall – not
enough required reserves!
First National Bank

Assets Liabilities
Securities 10 Blank Bla
nk
How can the bank recover?
•Borrow from other banks
•Sell securities
•Borrow from the Fed
•Reduce loan portfolio
•Each of these is detailed in the next two
slides
First National Bank – After Borrowing
from other banks
Assets Liabilities
Required reserves 9 Checkable deposits 90
Loans 90 Borrowings 9
Securities 10 Bank Capital 10
First National Bank – After Selling Securities

Assets Liabilities
Loans 90
First National Bank – After Borrowing from the Fed
Assets Liabilities
Loans 90 Borrowings from Fed 9
Asset Management
• Asset Management: the attempt to earn the
highest possible return on assets while
minimizing the risk.
1. Get borrowers with low default risk, paying
high interest rates
2. Buy securities with high return, low risk
3. Diversify
4. Manage liquidity
Liability Management
• Liability Management: managing the source of funds, from
deposits, to CDs, to other debt.
1. No longer primarily depend on deposits
2. When see loan opportunities, borrow or issue CDs to
acquire funds
• Banks manage both sides of the balance sheet together,
whereas it was more separate in the past.
• Most banks manage this via the asset-liability management
(ALM) committee.
• Explains the increased use of CDs and loans over checkable
deposits in recent decades.
Why don’t banks hold want to hold a lot of capital??
•Higher is bank capital, lower is return on equity
– ROA (Return on Assets) = Net Profits/Assets
– ROE (Return on Equity ) =
Net Profits/Equity Capital
– EM (Equity Multiplier ) =
Total Assets/Equity Capital
– ROE = ROA  EM
– Capital increases, EM falls, ROE falls
•Tradeoff between safety (high capital) and ROE
•Banks also hold capital to meet capital requirements
The Practicing Manager
- Strategies for Managing Capital: what should a bank
manager do if he feels the bank is holding too much capital?
•Sell or retire stock
•Increase dividends to reduce retained earnings
•Increase asset growth via debt (like CDs)
- Reversing these strategies will help a manager if he feels the
bank is holding too little capital?
•Issue stock
•Decrease dividends to increase retained earnings
•Slow asset growthCopyright
(retire debt)
© 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Rogue Traders
To highlight the problems that some of these off-
balance sheet activities generate, we will briefly
look at two incidences with devastating results.
Barings: Nick Leeson engaged in speculative
trades on the Nikkea, and personally generated
$1.3 billion in losses over a 3-year period. Barings
had to close!
J.P. Morgan Chase: Face a trading loss of over $2
billion by Bruno Iksill, who was colorfully nicknamed
“the London Whale.”

CH 3 Bank Financial Statements 1 (Balance Sheet)

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Ninth Edition

C = Cash Assets D = Deposits

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights

• Often Called Secondary Reserves

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights

• Securities purchased for to Provide

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights

• Gross Loans – Sum of All Loans

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights

• Bank Premises and Fixed Assets

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights

• Non interest-Bearing Demand Deposits

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights

4- Bank Capital: is the source of funds supplied by the bank owners. It

First National Bank

First National Bank

Second National Bank

• Conclusion: When bank receives deposits, reserves

$10 of the deposit must remain with the bank to

First National Bank

First National Bank

First National Bank

First National Bank

First National Bank – After Selling Securities

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