DIABETIC RETINOPATHY

 Group 08:
 Mr. Shlok Bhagat
 Ms. Kwinal Dave
 Mr. Hemant Mallah
 PRESENTATION
FLOW
 Abstract
 Problem Definition/ Objective
 Introduction
 Methodology
 Results and Discussions

 Conclusion/Future Scope

 Acknowledgement

 References
 Abstract
 The development of an automatic telemedicine system for computer-aided screening and
grading of diabetic retinopathy depends on reliable detection of retinal lesions in fundus
images.
 In this process, we proposed method for automatic detection of both exudates in color
fundus images is described and validated.
 The main contribution is a new set of texture features called Gabor features, that do not
require precise segmentation of the regions to be classified.
 These features represent the evolution of the textures during image flooding and allow to
discriminate between lesions and vessel segments. The method is validated per-lesion and
per-image using databases, which are publicly available.
Problem Definition/ Objective
 Retinopathy is a diabetic-related complication which is the main cause of vision loss of the diabetic
patients and the prevalence is rising day by day.
 Exudates are the earliest sign of diabetic retinopathy. Early detection of retinopathy can prevent vision
loss by regular screening and proper treatment.
 A morphology-based method for the detection of diabetic retinopathy through exudates from color
fundus images.
 By image processing we can determine whether exudates and micro aneurysms is developed in the retina
or not which will detect the patient shown be taken care of.
 The retinal image of the eye and processing it by different operations is the only method to diagnose
diabetic retinopathy and it also determines the degree of risk.
Introduction

 Diabetic retinopathy results from the leakage of

small vessels in the retina correlated to a prolonged
period of hyperglycemia.
 In the early stages of the disease, known as non-
proliferative retinopathy, there may be hemorrhages due
to bleeding of the capillaries or exudates resulting from
protein deposits in the retina.
 There is usually no vision loss unless there is a build-up
of fluid in the center of the eye.
 As the disease progresses, new abnormal vessels grow in
the retina, known as revascularization. This stage of
the disease is called proliferative retinopathy and may
cause severe visual problems.
 Literature Survey
Title Year Author Methodology Advantages Disadvantages

Diagnosis Of Diabetic 2013 R. Priya and P. Aruna In this paper, to PNN has an accuracy of It does not produce
Retinopathy Using Machine diagnose diabetic retinopathy, three models 87.69% Bayes Classifier has enough insulin, or because the
Learning like Probabilistic Neural an accuracy of cells do not respond to the
Techniques network (PNN), Bayesian Classification and 90.76% and SVM has an insulin that is produced.
Support vector machine (SVM) are described accuracy of 95.38%.
and their performances are compared.

An Ensemble 2012 Muhammad Moazam This paper presents a new supervised method The algorithm a suitable The nonvessel
Classification-Based Fraz∗, Paolo for segmentation of blood vessels in retinal tool for automated retinal region in the retina is not
Approach Applied Remagnino, Andreas photographs. This method uses image analysis. smooth due to the presence
to Retinal Blood Vessel Hoppe, Bunyarit an ensemble system of bagged and boosted of the bright and dark
Segmentation Uyyanonvara, Alicja decision trees and utilizes a feature vector lesions
R. Rudnicka, based on the orientation analysis of gradient
Christopher G. Owen, vector field, morphological transformation,
and Sarah A. Barman line strength measures, and Gabor filter
responses.

Supervised Blood Vessel 2012 S. Muthu Lakshmi This paper presents a supervised method This method uses the the results obtained for
Segmentation in MCA for blood vessel detection in digital retinal image. DRIVE database, which region growing algorithm
Retinal Images Using The use of digital images for eye disease has different image are not completely
Feature Based diagnosis could be used for early detection of conditions. satisfactory.
Classification Diabetic Retinopathy (DR)

This process is mainly used to
analyze the blood vessel of the
retinal fundus image, is the
retinal region is affected.
Methodology
This is mainly used for detection
and then classification of the
retinal exudates in the fundus
image etc.
This process consist of major
three things, at first the image
is undergone for the process of
preprocessing, then the binary
conversion is carried out by the
effective region growing
operation for segmentation .
Then the second step carried
out the remaining pixels in the
segmented region are undergone
for feature extraction and third
is to classify the features using
the Ada boost classifier.
Architectural Diagram

Input Image

Performance Preprocessing

Ada boost
Segmentation
Classification

Feature
Extraction
 Methodology: Input
• An image is a rectangular array of values (pixels).
Each pixel represents the measurement of some
property of a scene measured over a finite area.

• The property could be many things, but we usually

measure either the average brightness (one value) or
the bright nesses of the image filtered through red,
green and blue filters (three values).

• The values are normally represented by an eight bit

integer, giving a range of 256 levels of brightness.

• We talk about the resolution of an image: this is

defined by the number of pixels and number of
brightness values.
 Preprocessing
 Image Filtering:
– The input images were pre-processing we are
applying Gaussian filtering to our input image.

– Gaussian filtering is often used to remove the

noise from the image.

– Here we used wiener function to our input

image.

– Gaussian filter is windowed filter of linear class,

by its nature is weighted mean.

– Named after famous scientist Carl Gauss

because weights in the filter calculated according
to Gaussian distribution.
Segmentation
 We propose a region growing vessel
segmentation algorithm based on boundary
information of the image.
 First, the algorithm does Fourier transform
on the region of interest containing vessel
and affected structures to obtain its
boundary information, according to which its
primary feature direction will be extracted.
 Then combined edge information with
primary feature direction computes the
vascular structure’s center points as the
seed points of region growing segmentation.
 At last, the improved region growing method
with branch-based growth strategy is used to
segment the vessels.
Feature Extraction

 In image processing, a Gabor filter, named after

Dennis Gabor, is a linear filter used for texture
analysis, which means that it basically analyses
whether there are any specific frequency
content in the image in specific directions in a
localized region around the point or region of
analysis.
 Frequency and orientation representations of
Gabor filters are similar to those of the human
visual system, and they have been found to be
particularly appropriate for texture
representation and discrimination.
 In the spatial domain, a 2D Gabor filter is a
Gaussian kernel function modulated by a
sinusoidal plane wave.
 Classification
• Image classification refers to the task of extracting information
classes from a multiband raster image.
• The resulting raster from image classification can be used to
create thematic maps. Depending on the interaction between
the analyst and the computer during classification, there are
two types of classification: supervised and unsupervised.
• Supervised classification uses the spectral signatures obtained
from training samples to classify an image. With the assistance
of the Image Classification toolbar, you can easily create
training samples to represent the classes you want to extract.
• Unsupervised classification finds spectral classes (or clusters)
in a multiband image without the analyst’s intervention.
• The Image Classification toolbar aids in unsupervised
classification by providing access to the tools to create the
clusters, capability to analyze the quality of the clusters, and
access to classification tools.
 Results and Discussions
• Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures of the performance of a binary classification test,
also known in statistics as classification function:
• Sensitivity (also called the true positive rate, the recall, or probability of detection in some fields)
measures the proportion of positives that are correctly identified as such (i.e. the percentage of sick
people who are correctly identified as having the condition).
• Specificity (also called the true negative rate) measures the proportion of negatives that are
correctly identified as such (i.e., the percentage of healthy people who are correctly identified as not
having the condition)

– True positive: Sick people correctly identified as sick

– False positive: Healthy people incorrectly identified as sick
– True negative: Healthy people correctly identified as healthy
– False negative: Sick people incorrectly identified as healthy.
Results and Discussions
Conclusion/Future Scope

As we concluded, this process deals with the development of automated retinal

image analysis methods for the assessment of signs related with the changes in
vessels calibers caused by several pathologies such as diabetes, hypertension,
cerebo-vascular and cardiovascular diseases.

Among several retinal vascular signs, Diabetic is a well known health biomarker
and there is a strong need to develop an automated system for an accurate and
reproducible estimation of retinal blood vessel segmentation and classification,
which requires different image analysis steps, namely vessel segmentation,
Feature Extraction, and classification.
 References
 [1] M. D. Abràmoff, M. K. Garvin, and M. Sonka, “Retinal  [7] A. D. Hoover, V. Kouznetsova, and M. Goldbaum, “Locating blood vessels in
imaging and image analysis,” Jan., IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng., vol.
3, no. 1, pp. 169–208, 2010. retinal images by piecewise threshold probing of a matched filter response,” IEEE
Trans. Med. Imag., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 203–210, Mar. 2000.
 [2] J. V. B. Soares, J. J. G. Leandro, R. M. Cesar, H. F. Jelinek, and
M. J. Cree, “Retinal vessel segmentation using the 2-D Gabor  [8] G. Azzopardi, N. Strisciuglio, M. Vento, and N. Petkov, “Trainable COSFIRE
wavelet and supervised classification,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imag.,
filters for vessel delineation with application to retinal images,” Med. Image Anal.,
vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 1214–1222, Sep. 2006.
vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 46–57, 2015.
 [3] C. A. Lupa¸scu, D. Tegolo, and E. Trucco, “FABC: Retinal
vessel segmentation using AdaBoost,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol.  [9] M. Niemeijer, J. Staal, B. van Ginneken, M. Loog, and M. D. Abramoff,
Biomed., vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 1267–1274, Sep. 2010. “Comparative study of retinal vessel segmentation methods on a new publicly
 [4] D. Marín, A. Aquino, M. E. Gegúndez-Arias, and J. M. Bravo, available database,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 5370, pp. 648–656, May 2004.
“A new supervised method for blood vessel segmentation in
 [10] Y. Yin, M. Adel, and S. Bourennane, “Retinal vessel segmentation using a
retinal images by using gray-level and moment invariants-based
features,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imag., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 146–158, probabilistic tracking method,” Pattern Recognit.,vol.45, no.4, pp.1235–1244, 2012
Jan. 2011.
 [11] B. S. Lam, Y. Gao, and A. W.-C. Liew, “General retinal vessel segmentation
 [5] M. M. Fraz et al., “An ensemble classification-based approach using regularization-based multiconcavity modeling,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imag., vol.
applied to retinal blood vessel segmentation,” IEEE Trans.
Biomed. Eng., vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 2538–2548, Sep. 2012. 29, no. 7, pp. 1369–1381, Jul. 2010.

  [12] B. Al-Diri, A. Hunter, and D. Steel, “An active contour model for segmenting
[6] E. Bekkers, R. Duits, T. Berendschot, and B. ter Haar Romeny,
“A multi-orientation analysis approach to retinal vessel tracking,” and measuring retinal vessels,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imag., vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 1488–
J. Math. Imag. Vis., vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 583–610, 2014.
1497, Sep. 2009.