IDPM 719- Trends, Issues and

Problems in Public Governance

Topic: Public Policy & Program

Administration

Leofel A. Regalado- Reporter

  Public Policy Models

 Types of Policy

Factors in Policy Making

and Evaluating Policy
A. Public Policy Models
Institutional Model
• Institutional Model looks at
government institutions as the source
of public policies which are
considered as the rational response of
the government to the demands of
the people related to some perceived
public problems.
Process Model
• Process model presents public policy
as a product of a series of steps or
processes that explain how it is being
done in the government.
Group Theory Model
• Group theory explains public policy as
a result of the competition between
several groups that try to away the
actions of the government on their
favor.
Elite Theory Model
• Elite theory as a policy model reflects
the values and preferences of the
governing elite which are often
accommodated in the kind of policies
that are enacted by the government.
Rational Model
• Rational model thinks of public policy
as something that is the result of the
best alternative chosen by the
government in responding to the
problem of the general public.
Incremental Model
• Incremental model considers that
public policy must not be a result of
the “hurry and strife” of life. It should
at the very least provide of the people
with incremental gains focusing more
on the contributions of the public
policy.
Public Choice Theory Model
• Public choice theory assumes that
policy actors like voters, taxpayers,
candidates, legislators, bureaucrats,
interest groups, parties, and
governments seek to maximize their
personal benefits in policies as well as
in the marketplace.
Systems Theory Model
• System theory model is a response of
a political system to the demands
arising from its environment. The
political system in this model plays a
vital role in transforming the inputs to
considerable outputs that moves into
a series of recognizable patterns.
B. Types of Policy
Regulatory policy
• Designed to limit the actions of
persons or groups so as to protect the
general public or a substantial portion
of the public.
Distributive policy
• Most common form of government
policy, uses tax revenues to provide
benefits to individuals or groups by
means of grants or subsidies
Redistributive policy
• Take taxes from certain groups & give
them to another group – Income
stabilization – support to unemployed
or retired – Social welfare –
providing direct payments to
indigents – Health care programs -
Medicare
Constituent Policy
• Intended to benefit the public
generally or to serve the Government,
Foreign & Defense Policies, and
Policies affecting the structure &
function of government agencies like
government re- organization, etc.
 C. Factors in Policy
Making and Evaluating
Policy
 What and who evaluates Public Policy?
• Policy Evaluation is considered as the final stage in the policy
making process in the government. Although the last among the
five stages in the model of Anderson, policy evaluation is certainly
an important process in determining the success or failure of a
public policy. The conduct of policy evaluation is frequently affected
by a number of political pressures that come from the different
policy participants, inside and outside the government. The
Administrative agencies are also complemented by the different
policymakers who likewise perform the process of policy evaluation
through the powerful “congressional oversight” function. The
function of the non-governmental actors makes evaluations of
public policies and programs that have greater or lesser effects on
the public. These non-governmental actors include the
communications media, pressure groups, university scholars and
research centers, and private research organizations.
Types of Policy Evaluation

1. Formative Evaluation
2. Process Evaluation
3. Outcome Evaluation
 Problems in Policy Evaluation
• The best way to approach the process of policy
evaluation is to do it through a “Systematic
evaluation” that intends to determine the cause-
and-effect relationship between the public policy
and its target beneficiaries. These problems
include the uncertainty of the policy goals,
difficulty in determining casualty, diffused policy
impacts, difficulty in data acquisition, official
resistance, limited time perspective, and lack of
influence of the policy evaluation.
Policy Evaluation Criteria
• Effectiveness – is the first evaluation criterion which defined as a
measure that refers to whether the specified alternative results in the
achievement of a valued outcome of action, that is, an objective.
• Equity- is closely related to legal and social rationality and refers to the
distribution of affects and effort among the different groups in the
society.
• Adequacy- the extent to which any given level of effectiveness satisfies
the needs, values, or opportunities that gave rise to a problem.
• Efficiency- refers to the amount of effort required to producing a given
level of effectiveness. It has also referred to as the relationship
between effectiveness and effort, with the latter often measured in
terms of monetary costs.
• Responsibilities- pertains to “the extent on how the public policies
satisfy the needs, preferences, or values of some particular groups”.
• Appropriateness- refers to the real value or worth of the objectives of
the program and the tenability of assumptions underlying these
objectives.
Key Concepts in Policy Evaluation
• Policy Evaluation provides a practical
approach on how the performance and
results of public policy can be fully
appreciated by the government and the
general public. The key concepts of policy
evaluation will center on the following
essential elements: policy, program,
input, implementation, output, outcome,
and impact.
Policy Evaluation in the Philippines
• Policy evaluation received considerable attention in the
concept as an analytical tool and a procedure at the same
time. Policy evaluation remains an important activity of
the government that is designed to supply the
policymakers and implementers with crucial information
about the performance of the public policy. In the
Philippines, the process of policy evaluation has been a
valuable exercise on the part of the government in trying
to find the most appropriate public policy to the problems
of the general public. The practical information generated
by the process of policy evaluation has proved to be a
gamer-changer in designing the best possible intervention
that can be implemented by the government.
•  
Thank you very much!!!
Source:

Bihasa, Carmelo Rico S. (2017). Understanding Public Policy :

Theories, Concepts and Applications. Mandaluyong City :
Books Atbp.Publishing Corp.