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Urinary System
Urinary System
3) produce hormones
1. renin
2. erythropoietin
3. calcitriol
4) regulate acid-base balance
of the body fluids.
- A nephron consists of :
i. blood vessels
afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
ii. renal tubules
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule
The Nephron glomerulus
proximal
convoluted
efferent arteriole
tubule
blood
distal
convoluted
tubule
blood
afferent arteriole
Loop of Henle
The Nephron
- Most components of
the nephron are within
the cortex.
Nephrons are connected to renal artery/vein and
ureter.
The glomerulus is enclosed in a two-layered glomerular
(Bowman's) capsule.
Proximal
tubule
URINE FORMATION
The kidney produces urine through 4 steps.
Glomerular
Filtrate
Tubular fluid
Urine
1) Glomerular Filtration
The Filtration Membrane
From the plasma to the
capsular space, fluid passes
through three barriers.
foot processes
fenestrated
epithelium
basement
membrane
The Filtration Membrane
These include:
2) Tubular Reabsorption
3) Tubular Secretion
1) transcellular route
2) paracellular route
PCT
peritubular capillary
Mechanisms of Proximal Tubular
Reabsorption
1) Solvent drag
2) Active transport of sodium.
3) Secondary active transport of glucose, amino
acids, and other nutrients.
4) Secondary water reabsorption via osmosis
5) Secondary ion reabsorption via electrostatic
attraction
6) Endocytosis of large solutes
Osmosis
Water moves from a compartment of low osmolarity
to the compartment of high osmolarity.
low osmolarity
( high H2O conc.) H2O
high osmolarity
( low H2O conc.)
1) Solvent drag
Proteins stay
- driven by high
colloid osmotic H2O
pressure (COP) in the
peritubular capillaries
- Water is reabsorbed
Proteins
by osmosis and
carries all other
solutes along.
- Both routes are
involved.
2) Active transport of sodium
Sodium pumps (Na-K ATPase) in basolateral
membranes transport sodium out of the cells against its
concentration gradient using ATP.
Na+ Na+
K+
Ca++ Ca++
Na+
Na+
K+
Glucose
capillary PCT cell
3) Secondary active transport of glucose, amino
acids, and other nutrients
Na+
Na+
K+
amino acids
capillary PCT cell
4) Secondary water reabsorption via osmosis
Sodium reabsorption makes both
intracellular and extracellular fluid hypertonic
to the tubular fluid. Water follows sodium into
the peritubular capillaries.
Na+ Na+
H2O
Na Na+
Cl-
Na+
Glucose
high glucose in blood
Glucose in urine
Reabsorption in the
Nephron Loop
- The primary purpose
is to establish a high
extracellular osmotic
concentration.
- A distinguishing feature
of these parts of the renal
tubule is that they are
subject to hormonal
control.
Aldosterone
2) Tubular Reabsorption
3) Tubular Secretion
H+
H+
2) Tubular Reabsorption
3) Tubular Secretion
urine
1. Driving force
The high
osmolarity of extracellular
fluid generated by NaCl
and urea, provides the
Cortex
driving force for water
reabsorption. medulla
2. Regulation
The medullary
portion of the CD is not
permeable to NaCl but
permeable to water,
depending on ADH.
mOsm/L
urine
Control of Urine Concentration depends on the
body's state of hydration.
b. In a state of dehydration,
ADH is secreted; the CD
permeability to water
increases. With the increased
reabsorption of water by
osmosis, the urine becomes
mOsm/L
more concentrated. urine
No more reabsorption after tubular fluid leaving CD
Cortex
medulla
urine
urine
Urine Properties
blood
high glucose
- When glucose in
tubular fluid exceeds
the transport maximum
(180 mg/100 ml), it
appears in urine high glucose
(glycosuria). in filtrate
- Glucose in tubular Retain H2O by
fluid hinders water osmosis
reabsorption by
osmosis, causing
polyuria.
high
urine
volume
Diabetes insipidus
- is caused by
inadequeate ADH
secretion.
urine
Diuresis
Natriuresis
- efficient
- inconvenient
2) Continuous
ambulatory
peritoneal
dialysis (CAPD)
Dialysis
fluid
- The peritoneal
membrane is a natural
dialysis membrane
- convenient
- less efficient
Urine Storage and Elimination
The Ureters
Females male
3-4 cm ~18 cm
greater risk of
urinary tract
infections
The male urethra has three
regions:
1) prostatic urethra
2) membranous urethra
3) penile urethra.
Spinal
cord
Voiding Urine in adults
2. Once voluntary control has developed, emptying of the bladder
Once voluntary
is controlled control by
predominantly hasa micturition
developed,center
emptying
in theofpons.
the This
bladder
center is controlled
receives signals predominantly by a micturition
from stretch receptors center this
and integrates
in the pons.
information This center
with cortical input receives signals
concerning from stretch
the appropriateness of
receptors
urinating at and
the integrates
moment. It thissends
information
back with corticaltoinput
impulses stimulate
concerning
relaxation of the the appropriateness
external sphincter. of urinating at the
moment. It sends back impulses to stimulate relaxation of
the external sphincter.
Voluntary
control
SUMMARY
1) General Introduction
3) Urine Formation