WOOD ANATOMY

Prepared by:
Chaudhary Vishwaben G.

M.sc Sem – 2,
Roll no : 220,
Paper- BOC-202
Department of Life
Sciences, H.N.G.U. Patan
 CONTENT :

 Introduction
 Ontogeny of secondary vascular tissues,
 Growth rings,
 Early wood & late wood.
INTRODUCTION
 A cylinder of WOOD, known scientifically as SECONDARY
XYLEM . It rise in diameter with age and rate of growth.

 In most dicotyledons , angiosperms and gymnosperms , the

stems increase in diameter by the activity of lateral
meristems.

 A tree stem consists of three ares ; 1. pith , 2. Xylem and

3. bark.

 Pith : It is center part of the wood. And does not increase

in size through the life of the tree.

 Bark : All the layers outside of the vascular cambium ,

it’s know as.
 New wood and bark are added each year by the
activity of a layer of dividing cells.

 Since New wood is added to the outside and the oldest

wood is close to the pith. ( Endarch condistion)
ONTOGENY OF SECONDARY VASCULAR TISSUES

 The fascicular cambium is present in vascular bundle and between

two vascular bundle interfascicular cambium are present.

 The fascicular cambium & interfascicular cambium join to form

a complete ring called cambial ring. It initiation of secondary
vascular tissue.

 In secondary growth the secondary phloem is outer side and

secondary xylem is inner side.

 The cambium is generlly more active on the inner side than

on the outer.

 The primary & secondary phloem get crused as they are

pushed towards the outside by the continued formation of the
secondary xylem.
 The primary xylem becomes pushed towards the
center in the pith and remains intact.

 With the increase in girth / diameter of the stem, a

secondary protective tissue replaces the epidermis,
which becomes broken.

 It is formed by cork cambium (Phellogen ) Which

developed from the cortex just below the of
epidermis.

 They developed cell outside & inner side.

 The cells produced on the outer side of phellogen,

differentiate to form cork or phellen.
 The cell produced on the inner side of phellogen,
differentiate to form secondary cortex or phelloderm.

 The phellogen, phelloderm and phellem together

constitute periderm.
GROWTH RINGS
 The secondary xylem in the stems of parennial plants
commonly consists of concentric layers, each one of
which represents a seasonal increment.

 In transverse section of the axis, these layers appear

as rings, and are called ANNUAL RINGS or
GROWTH RINGS.

 Each layer represents the growth of one year. The

width of growth rings varies greatly an depends
upon the rate of growth of tree.
 The activity of the cambium takes place only during
the spring and autumn seasons thus giving rise to
the growth in diameter of woody plants.

 In spring or summer the cambium is more active

and forms a greater number of vessels with wider
activies. In winter or autumn season, however there is
less need of vessels for sap transport, the cambium is
less active.
 EARLY WOOD: The wood developed in the summer or
spring season is called spring wood or early wood.

 Early wood is inner layer of growth rings. The early

wood zones of a growth rings typically consists of thin
walled, larger diameter cells and also appear lighter in
colour.

 LATE WOOD: The wood formed in winter or autumn

season is known as autumn wood or late wood. Late
wood is outer layer of growth rings.

 Late wood zones thick walled, smaller diameter cells and

also appear darker or brownshade in colour.
 DENDROCHRONOLOGY: Each annual ring corresponds
to one year’s growth, and on the basic of these rings
the age of a particular plant can easily be calculated.
The determination of age of a tree by counting the
annual rings, is known as dendrochronology.

 Sometimes two annual rings are formed in a single

year, and in such case the counting of the tree. This
happens perhaps because of the drought condition
prevailed in the middle of a growing.
TYLOSES
 In many plants, the walls of the xylem vessels produce
ballon like outgrowth into the lumen of the vessels,
are called Tyloses.

 Usually these structure are formed in secondary xylem.

Tyloses are formed by the enlargement of the pit
membranes of the half bordered pits present in
between a paranchyma cell and a vessek or a
tracheids.
REFERENCES
 A textbook of botany - angiosperms
by : B. P. Pandey
 www.slideshare.net