CRITICAL READING, WRITING AND
THINKING
-Critical WEEK 5 • Avoid rereading as much as possible
thinking requires critical
reading to develop because a huge
part of you is influenced by what you
read and hear. Up to 80% of knowledge
is learned through the eyes, and reading
plays the biggest role.
1. Improve your vocabulary
•Read a wide range of texts
•Have a dictionary at all times.
•Never assume the meaning of a word
that you are unfamiliar with
•Keep a vocabulary journal where you
write down all words that you learn
on a daily or weekly basis.
•Learn at least three words a day and
try using them in a sentence.
•Find opportunities to apply the learned
words in actual conversations.
2. Mind your reading comprehension
skills You should be aware of the words,
phrases or sentences that you do not
understand fully or confuse you.
• Try to recall and explain the key points
on your own words after each section.
• Avoid reading at a slower pace just to
compensate for your comprehension
level.
• Use a line guide
3. Improve Your Reading Speed
•Keep in mind that the reading pace
depends on the type of material you are
reading and your goal
•Proactively focus on 2-4 words at a
time instead of fixating on a per word
reading basis.
•Read with your eyes and mind.
•Practice makes perfect
• Force yourself to read at a faster rate
for short periods of time.
•Go at a speed that is uncomfortable
but you are still comprehending the
material.
• You should never read at a rate that is
slower than your average rate.
4. Apply The SQ3R Method—Survey,
Question, Read, Recite and Review
This is an active reading method that,
although will seem time consuming at
the beginning, can still enhance your
reading comprehension and learning
efficiency.
SURVEY
•Scan over the table of contents of a new
book to have a clear
understanding of its content and plan
your reading in advance.
•Survey the entire chapter before you
start reading
•Look at the title and all subtitles to know
what the chapter is about and how
it is broken up into parts
•Look at the end of the chapter aids,
such as questions, summaries, etc.
•Read the introduction and/or first
paragraph first.
•Read the last paragraph
•Be mindful of the different
terminologies used.
QUESTION
•Turn the subheadings into questions
before proceeding to read
•Create questions from information
printed in the margins.
•Create questions for each graph
presented.
•Try writing out the questions
READ
•Start reading only when you can
concentrate and commit to it.
•You must locate the main idea of each
paragraph.
RECITE
•Take time to paraphrase what you read
out loud while reading.
•Try to associate read material with
life experience
REVIEW
•Review starts with organization.
•Review your notes and questions
created for the daily lesson or chapter.
•Develop study aids like mnemonics
for material you must memorize.
•Create an outline from your texts.
•Recite the information daily to ensure
automatic recall and true learning.
•Check and recheck the information
where you hesitate
5. Do Skimming
 Speedy reading for general meaning
 Lets your eyes skip over sentences or
phrases that contain details
 Allows you to concentrate on
identifying the central or main points
 Pre-views a selection of text prior to
detailed reading
 Refreshes understanding of a text
following detailed reading
 Speed reading at basic level
 Works best with non-fiction or factual
texts
 Speed ranges from 700-1000 words per
minute
•Once you know where the reading is
headed, you can begin to read only
the first sentence of each paragraph.
•At the end of each topic sentence, your
eyes should drop down through the
rest of the paragraph, looking for
important pieces of information, such
as
names, dates, or events.
•Continue to read only topic sentences
•Stop skimming in the last few
paragraphs
•If you feel you are grasping the main
ideas while skimming, then you are
skimming correctly.
6. Do Scanning
 Passing the vision speedily over a
selection of text to find specific words
or phrases
 Skipping over large portions of texts to
find what you are looking form
 Speed ranges above 1000 words per
minute
 Covers more area than skimming within
the same amount of time
 Does not require reading of entire texts
 May be limited to specific
information and may not help the
reader understand the general idea
Skimming vs. Scanning
Skimming
 Meant to identify main points without
identifying the details
 Covers 700-1000 wpm
Scanning
 Meant to identify specific details
without understanding the main points
 Covers more than 1000 wpm
•Establishing your purpose, locating the
appropriate material, and knowing
how the information is structured
before you start scanning is essential.
•Use your hands when scanning.
•Use peripheral vision when scanning
•Keep the concept of key words in
mind while scanning
When is the right time to scan?
You scan when your aim is to find specific
pieces of information. If you were doing
the research for a report, you could
scan the index of books, web sites,
and reference materials.
7. Make Inferences
Making inferences is a comprehension
strategy used by proficient readers to
“read between the lines,” make
connections, and draw conclusions about
the text’s meaning and purpose.
 Inference means concluding based on
knowledge and experience.
 Ability to understand implicit messages
conveyed by a writer based on
the reader’s schema or background
knowledge
 •Take two or more details from the
reading and see if you can draw a
conclusion.
•When you are asked an inference
question, go back over the reading
and look for hints within the text,
THE
CONTEMPORARY
WORLD
•This period from theWEEK
end of WWII to3
the
present can be viewed, therefore, as a
third and distinct period in the
transformation of the global corporation.
• The transformations of the global
corporation occurring within this third
period have been far reaching and
distinctive, reflecting changes taking place
within the broader structural dimensions
of globalization itself and at the same
time significantly contributing to those
continuing changes.
How do global corporations function?
What constitutes a global corporation?
• The contemporary global corporation is
simultaneously and commonly referred to
either as a multinational corporation
(MNC), a transnational corporation (TNC),
an international company, or a global
company.
• International companies are importers
and exporters, typically without
investment outside of their home
country.
• Multinational companies have
investment in other countries, but do not
have coordinated product offerings in
each country. They are more focused on
adapting their products and services to
each individual local market.
• Scholarly work documents various
“waves” of global corporate development
through the subsequent six decades to
the present.
• The overall structure of this system
would stay in place and continue to
develop throughout the 1970s and 1980’s
—a period that stands chronologically just
prior to three fundamental innovations
that have substantially changed the
character of the global corporation
1. the advent and impact of digitalization
and instantaneous global
communications;
2. the structural transformation of global
commerce from producer-driven
commodity chains to buyer-driven; and
3. the increasing role performed through
the global system by financial elements
and the emergence of the global financial
firm.
• Geriffe emphasizes three structural
periods:
A. Investment-based globalization (1950-
1970);
B. Trade-based globalization (1970-1995);
C. Digital globalization (1995 onwards.)
• Within this analysis the nature of the
global corporation changes accordingly,
being driven in each case by its evolving
purposes and by its extended reach and
abilities (Geriffe 2001)
PHASES OF
GLOBALIZATION SINCE
THE 1800S
The First Phase of Globalization
(1830-1880)
•The first phase of globalization began
about 1830 and peaked around
1880.International commerce became
widespread in this period due to the
growth of railroads, efficient ocean
transport, and the rise of large
manufacturing and trading companies.
• The inventions of the telegraph and
telephone in the 1800s facilitated
information flows between and within
nations and greatly aided early efforts to
manage companies’ supply chains.
• International Business: Strategy,
Management, and the New Realities
THE SECOND PHASE OF GLOBALIZATION
(1900-1930)
•The second phase of globalization began
around 1900 and was caused by the rise
of electricity and steel production. The
phase reached its height just before the
Great Depression, a worldwide economic
downturn that started in 1929.
• At the turn-of-the-century, Western
Europe was the most industrialized region
and its colonization of countries
worldwide led to the establishment of
some of the earliest subsidiaries of
multinational firms.
• European companies such as BASF,
British Petroleum, Nestlé, Shell, and
Siemens had established foreign
manufacturing plants by 1900.
• International Business: Strategy,
Management, and the New Realities
THE THIRD PHASE OF GLOBALIZATION
(1948-1970S)
•At war’s end in 1945, substantial pent-
up demand existed for consumer
products, as well as for input goods to
Among the leading economies, the U.S.
was least harmed by the war and became
the world’s dominant economy.
Substantial government aid helped
stimulate economic activity in Europe.
• Commonplace were high tariffs, other
trade barriers, with strict controls on
currency and capital movements. Several
industrialized countries, including
Australia, the United States and the
United Kingdom systematically sought to
reduce international trade barriers.
• The result of this effort was the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) –
the precursor to the World Trade
Organization (WTO)
• International Business: Strategy,
Management, and the New Realities
The Fourth Phase of Globalization (since
the 1980s to present)
•The fourth and current phase of
globalization began in the early
1980s.This period witnessed enormous
growth in cross-border trade and
investment activity. The following
innovations caused this phase: a.
Commercialization of the personal
computer. b. Arrival of the Internet and
the web browser. c. Advances in
communication and manufacturing
technologies. d. Collapse of the Soviet
Union and ensuing market liberalization
in central and Eastern Europe. e.
Substantial industrialization and
modernization efforts of the East Asian
economies including China.
• International Business: Strategy,
Management, and the New Realities
• Another method of projecting this
growth is to examine the sources and
levels of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
most of which was of corporate origin. As
Hedley indicates, in 1900 only European
corporations were major investors, to be
joined by some American firms in the
1930s.
•Foreign direct investment (FDI) is when
a company owns another company in a
BRICS
Brazil, India,China South Africa
different country. FDI is different from
• BRIC is an acronym for the developing
when companies simply put their money
nations of Brazil, Russia, India, and China
into assets in another country—what
- countries believed to be the future
economists call portfolio investment.
dominant suppliers of manufactured ...
With FDI, foreign companies are directly
• BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China)
involved with day-to-day operations in
refers to the idea that China and India
the other country. This means they aren’t
will, by 2050, become the world's
just bringing money with them, but also
dominant suppliers of manufactured
knowledge, skills and technology.
goods ...
• Citing UN data he dates 1960 as the
• The BRICS countries have played an
major turning point for FDI as the major
active role in promoting global economic
driver of extended global corporate
growth, fighting the return of
development. In each subsequent decade
protectionism, and strengthening
until the turn of the century, FDI would
cooperation in the supervision of
triple (Hedley 1999).
financial markets. ... This has created a
• Throughout these periods economists,
new base of cooperation among
other scholars and government actors at
emerging countries based on equality.
both the national and transnational level
tended to “frame” the progressive growth
What is different about this phase of
of the global corporate structure (again,
global corporate development?
referred to almost indiscriminately as
• The so-called “developing economies”,
either MNC’s or TNC’s) through efforts to
and especially those of Brazil, India, China
define, measure and assess the extent
and South Africa—the so-called BRICS
and consequences of foreign direct
economies, have become the most
investment, defined initially and primarily
dynamic sector of global corporate
as the entry of private capital from a
growth, represented in part by their
source external to a country into a
significant FDI over the three decades.
receiving country.
• The relative size, growth and range of
activity of global corporations from the
emerging economies suggest that they
are on a trajectory that will soon situate
them firmly within those of the
historically more developed economies.
•The number of global corporations from
the emerging market economies listed in
THE
the Fortune Global 500, which ranks
corporations by revenue, rose from 47
CONTEMPORARY
firms in 2005 to 95 in 2010.
• These companies have also become
WORLD WEEK 4THE
active in the broad pattern of global
mergers and acquisitions (M&A), a
GLOBAL
• It is the whole system of human
interactions. The world economy is
primary vehicle by which corporate
concentration takes place
now allINTERSTATE
the economic interactions of
all the people on Earth, not just
internationalSYSTEM
trade and investment.
The modern world-system is
structured politically as
an interstate system – a system of
competing and allying state

• Hawksworth and Cookson predict that
“middle class” consumers in China and
India will grow from some 1.8 billion in
2010 to 3.2 billion in 2020 and 4.9 billion
by 2030 (2008).
• The relative import of their global
corporate cultures can be gauged in part
by the fact that in 2012 global
corporations in China made up 73 of the
largest in the Fortune 500 list (CNN
Money 2012), and whereas Brazil and
India with 8 apiece currently account for
a small share of such corporations,
emergent market countries are projected
to account for a near doubling of their
share of world trade over the next 40
years, reaching nearly 70% by 2050
(Ahern, 2011).
• In 1998 only one of the top 100 global
corporations was located outside the US,
Europe or Japan (Oatley 2008).
WHAT IS CIVILIZATION?
•‘Civilization is a sort of ocean,
constituting the wealth of a people, and
on whose bosom all the elements of the
life of that people, all the powers
supporting its existence, assemble and
unite’ –Guizot
• John Stuart Mill suggested by contrast
that there was but a single model of
civilization ...he located in Europe since
‘all [the elements of civilization] exist in
modern Europe, and especially in Great
Britain, in a more eminent degree… than
at any other place or time
IMPORTANCE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
• Martti Koskenniemi and Antony
Anghie—International Law was designed
as an aid to the preservation of order
among sovereign states, and its principles
were explicitly stated as applying only to
civilized states
• Henry Wheaton (1845) talked in terms
of the ‘international law of Christianity’
versus ‘the law used by Mohammedan
Powers’; such pluralism had all but
vanished
•W. E. Hall, international law ‘is a
product of the special civilization of
modern Europe and forms a highly
artificial system of which the
principles cannot be supposed to be
understood or recognized by countries
differently civilized…
• Such states only can be presumed to
be subject to it as are inheritors of
that civilization
• Thus conceived, international law
faced the issue of the relationship
between a civilized Christendom and
the non-civilized world. States could
join the magic circle through the
doctrine of international recognition,
which took place when ‘a state is
brought by increasing civilization
within the realm of law.’
• In the 1880s James Lorimer suggested
there were three
categories of humanity:
-civilized
- barbaric
- savage
• Thus, have three corresponding grades
of recognition
(plenary political; partial political; natural,
or mere
human).
• Most Victorian commentators believed
that barbaric
states might be admitted gradually or in
part. Westlake
proposed, for instance, that: ‘Our
international society
exercises the right of admitting outside
states to parts of
its international law without necessarily
admitting them
to the whole of it.’ Others disagreed:
entry ‘into the circle
of law-governed countries’ was a formal
matter, and ‘full
recognition’ all but impossible.
• Victorian international law divided the
world according to its standard of
civilization. Inside Europe—and in other
areas of the world colonized by
Europeans—there was the (1) sphere of
civilized life: this meant—roughly—the
protection of property; (2) the rule of law
on the basis—usually—of codes or
constitutions; (3) effective administration
of its territory by a state; (4) warfare
conducted by a regular army; and (5)
freedom of conscience
• International law is the set of rules
generally regarded and accepted as
binding in relations between states and
between nations. It serves as a
framework for the practice of stable and
organized international relations.
• International law differs from state-
based legal systems in that it is primarily
applicable to countries rather than to
private citizens.
• National law may become international
law when treaties delegate national
jurisdiction to supranational tribunals
such as the European Court of Human
Rights or the International Criminal Court.
• Treaties such as the Geneva
Conventions may require national law to
conform to respective parts.
THE LAWS OF WAR
• The laws of war, codified by the Great
Powers at length at the end of the
nineteenth century, were designed to
minimize the severity of conflicts
between civilized states.
• But where no reciprocity of civilized
behavior could be expected, European
armies were taught they need not
observe them—or indeed in some
versions—any rules at all
• Britain’s General J.F.C. Fuller noted that
‘in small wars against uncivilized nations, THE
the form of warfare to be adopted must
tone with the shade of culture existing in CONTEMPORARY
the land, by which I mean that, against
people possessing a low civilization, war WORLD WEEK 5
must be more brutal in type.’
•CONTEMPORARY
Globalization is a rich and a broad
• The 1914 British Manual of Military
concept and may be defined in various
Law,too, emphasized that ‘rules of
International Law apply only to warfare GLOBAL
perspectives.
• It cannot be denied that globalization
between civilized nations… They do not
has GOVERNANCE
made a tremendous impact on the
apply in wars with uncivilized states and
sovereign state.
tribes.’
• Fowler and Bunck (1996) emphasized
• Until after the First World War, it was
that a sovereign state has a territory, the
axiomatic that ‘international law is a
people, and a government.
product of the special civilization of
• Any state admitted as a member of the
modern Europe itself.’ The United States
United Nations will be upon the decision
was, by the century’s end, regarded from
of the General Assembly as
this point of view as a European power, if
recommended by the Security Council.
not of the first rank.
• The United Nations membership
• Through the Roosevelt Corollary, it
requirements are (1) the state must be a
toughened up its reading of the Monroe
peace-loving state which accepts the
Doctrine, while at the same time
obligations contained in the present
encouraging the pan American
Charter, and (2) in the judgment of the
codification of international law as a way
Organization, must be able and willing to
of enshrining its own regional hegemony
carry out these obligations.
(DOMINATION).
• Chapter 2, Article 4 of the United
• It was only the Japanese who seriously
Nations Charter states that only
challenged the nineteenth century
sovereign states can become members of
identification of civilization with
the United Nations.
Christendom
• Although all UN members are fully
• Having adhered to several international
sovereign states at the present, the
conventions, and revised their civil and
Belarus, India, Philippines, and Ukraine-
criminal codes, they managed to
four of the original members- were not
negotiate the repeal of the unequal
independent at the time of their
treaties from 1894 onwards, as well as to
admission in the organization.
win back control over their tariffs, and
• Even from the seventeenth century, the
their victory over Russia in 1905 simply
legal framework of a sovereign state has
confirmed their status as a major Power.
served as a definitive ground for political
governance and economic system.
• Sovereignty has been constitutionally
used both on national and international
levels. The intercontinental spread of
capital and the formation of global
markets have eventually substituted the
fragmented national economies.
•Sovereign states are experiencing
increased difficulties in supplying
regulatory and redistributive public goods
and establishing and enforcing property
rights in the face of relatively open trade,
rapid information-technology advances,
and considerable financial deregulation.
• Moreover, both market relations and
political discontent with economic
policies have virtually become
“borderless.”
•The international system has now
become less state-centric that makes a
way into the political constitution of
domestic policies.
• Notably, the advancements in
technology and its innovations have
increased the speed of the migration and
transplantation of legal rules and policies.
•The transnational actors, which are non-
state, such as the intergovernmental
organizations (IGOs), international
nongovernmental organizations (INGOs),
and transnational corporations (TNCs)
have assumed relevant roles in global
governance.
•They have created transnational law that
runs many dimensions of the political
economy that was once governed by the
sovereign states.
•Sovereignty is at the heart of both
public international law and the legal
constitution of the state. Relevant
changes in the international system
definitely affect the shape of sovereignty
and the future of the state law.
• However today, any sovereign state
cannot just neglect issues that are related
to the interests of the humanity, may they
be within the borders or outside the
borders of the state.
• Individuals and groups enjoy greater
recognition as subjects of international
law, as seen in the expansion of legal
regimes and enforceable mechanisms in
the fields of international human rights
law, international refugee law,
international criminal law, and the like.
•Victor Peskin observes that the United
Nations Security Council's ad hoc
tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and
Rwanda continued to trump state
sovereignty insofar as targeted states and
all other UN members were legally bound
to comply. However, the development of
international criminal tribunals suggests a
changing balance of tribunal authority
and state sovereignty.
• He criticizes the next generation of war
crimes tribunals as supporting the
expansion of the influence of state judicial
actors as well as the strengthening of the
doctrine of sovereignty.
• The Rome statute of the International
Criminal Court (ICC) upholds the principle
of complementarities and recognizes that
states do not have to collaborate with the
court unless they have ratified the
statute. However, this is only part of the
picture.
• The decisions of international judges
and prosecutors now permeate and
shape the domestic criminal law of these
countries.
• William Burke-White further asserts
that the ICC has become part of a system
of multilevel global governance through
its alteration of state preferences and
policies and its deterrence of future
crimes through judicial and prosecutorial
pronouncements.
• International law has evolved into a
central framework for the emergent
system of global governance.
This system supplies the normative
mechanisms for the establishment of IGOs
and the facilitation of the international
response to issues as diverse as nuclear
proliferation, climate change, ocean use,
and the functioning of the world trade
system.
• Alexandra Khrebtukova insightfully
points out, “[n]ational borders no longer
confine the diverse views that prioritize
subjects of international law