Instructional media

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 What are Instructional Media?
 They are devices that make the teaching-learning process concrete/
practical.
 Terms that can be used interchangeably with instructional media
are:
 Teaching Aids
 Teaching materials
 Learning aids
 Instructional technology, etc.
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 Instructional Media….

• Instructional media encompasses all the materials and physical means

an instructor might use to implement instruction and facilitate
students' achievement of instructional objectives.
 This may include

• traditional materials such as chalkboards, handouts, charts, slides,

overheads, real objects,
• newer materials and methods such as computers, DVDs, CD-ROMs,
the Internet, and interactive video conferencing.

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 Importance of Instructional Media
 Motivate the learners
 It make learning pleasant
 It involve many sense organs.
 It encourage the participation of students.
 To capture the attention of the learners.
 To make communication easy.
 To achieve long lasting memory.
 To present concrete experiences, etc.

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 Cont’d…
•According to P.J. Philips, the degree of retention by a healthy
learner is presented below:
 Of what we read---------------------------------10%
 Of what we hear---------------------------------20%
 Of what we see----------------------------------30%
 Of what we see and hear-----------------------50%
 Of what is discussed with others--------------70%
 Of what we experience personally------------80%
 Of what we teach someone else---------------95%

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 Instructional media vary in time requirement for
understanding:

 Teaching using verbal explanation takes 2.8 minutes.

 Teaching using explanation and picture takes 1.5 minutes.
 Teaching using black and white photographs takes 0.9 minutes.
 Teaching using cinema takes 0.6-0.7 minutes
 Teaching using real objects takes 0.4 minutes

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 Classification of Instructional Media:
•They are classified into three:

A. Visual Instructional Media: charts, graphs, models, map,

posters, cartoon, real objects, etc.
B. Audio Instructional Media: radio, tape recorder, etc.
C. Audio-Visual Instructional Media : television, computer,
video, etc

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•
Why do we use the media?
To form a clear idea of real object, model.
• To give visual access to something which may be
inaccessible(model, picture, photo, poster, film, etc.)
• To clarify abstract information (diagrams, columns of
figures)
• To condense large quantities of information (handout)
• To support or reinforce the work of the teacher.

• To initiate discussion (poster).

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 Most Available Instructional Media
1. The Chalkboard:
• Most widely used in
display or static.
• Most boards are painted
black, but can be brown,
green, or white.

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 The Chalkboard Cont’d

• May be used to supplement

a talk or slide show.
• Emphasize important
points; words; definitions.

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 Writing Board Tips #1

• Plan your teaching session in advance

• Keep board clean and erase irrelevant
words properly. Avoid erasing with your
finger while writing
• Use chalk or markers that contrast with
the background of the board
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 Writing Board Tips #2

• Do not talk while facing the board

• Do not block the students’ view of the

board
• Allow sufficient time for students to
copy the information
• Underline headings and important or
unfamiliar words for emphasis.
 Writing Board Tips #3

• Make text and drawings large enough to be

seen at the back of the room.
• Summarize the main points at the end of the
presentation.
• Always clean the board after your lecture.
 2. Flip Charts and Display Easels
• A flip chart consists of a number
of large sheets of paper fixed at
the top edge and set on a stand
which is called easel.
• You should use flipcharts in
seminars, tutorials,
presentations and workshops.
• In the absence of easel fix on a
wall or board with tape.
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 Flipchart Uses
• Note objectives or outcomes before or after
clinical practice sessions

• Create flowcharts to work through clinical

decision-making in different situations

• Record discussions or ideas during small group

exercises.
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 Flipchart Advantages
• Relatively inexpensive, easy to move, and do not
require electricity.
• They are small enough that several may be used
simultaneously (e.g., for small group work)
• Suitable for use by both teachers and students
• Pages of information can be prepared in
advance
• Note: Difficult to use for large group

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 Flipchart Tips #1
• Make it easy to read (bullets, white space,
block letters, wide-tipped marker)

• Make it attractive (colors, heading, boxes,

borders)

• Have masking tape available to hang flipchart

pages on the walls
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 Flipchart Tips #2
• To hide a portion of the page, fold up the
lower portion of the page and tape it

• Face the students, not the flipchart, while

talking

• When you finish with a flipchart page, tape it

to the wall.

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 3. Transparencies and the Overhead
Projectors

• Transparencies are
acetate or plastic
sheets on which you
can write your
information.

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 Overhead Transparency: Uses

• Provide an outline for the teacher

to follow in discussing the main
points of a presentation.
• Show images, illustrations, charts,
or diagrams.
• Provide visual support to students
as they make their own
presentations.

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 Transparency Advantages #1
• They can be prepared quickly and easily

• They can be stored and reused in the future

• The projector is easy to use, can be used in

almost any room that has electricity

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 Transparency Advantages #2
• When prepared in
advance, they save
the teacher’s time.

• Points gathered from

a discussion can be
immediately written
on a transparency.
 Disadvantages #1
• Needs constant supply of electricity;
• Needs good maintenance and service;
• Must be switched off when not in use,
otherwise it distracts attention of the learners.
• Should not be moved immediately after use
because the filament will be hot and can easily
break.
• Requires constant supply of OHP pens.

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 Producing Transparencies
• Use permanent or non-
permanent markers to create
text on plastic or acetate sheet

• Use a copy machine with

transparency film.

• Use a computer and printer.

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 Creating Transparencies #1
• Create a transparency in landscape
(horizontal) rather than portrait (vertical)
format.

• Be consistent (use the same general style)

• Limit information on each transparency to one

main idea that can be grasped in 5–10
seconds.
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 Creating Transparencies #2

• Use about three to five bullets per slide

• Limit a bulleted item to six to eight words

• Use no more than seven lines of text

• Use pictures, charts, or graphs to support or

replace text
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Creating Transparencies #3
• Make graphics and drawings large
enough

• Use overlays to present complex

images or diagrams.

• Number the transparencies to keep

them in order.

• Store the transparencies in a box

with a lid
 Overhead Projector Tips #1
• Before the presentation
– Locate and check the on/off switch and make sure
the bulb is working (have an extra bulb).
– Focus the projector and use a transparency to
check the position of the image on the screen.

• Once the image is on the screen, move away

from the projector to avoid blocking the
students
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 Overhead Projector Tips #2
• Face the students, not the screen, while talking.

• Use a pointer or pencil to show one point at a

time.

• Control the pace of the discussion by covering

selected information with a piece of paper

• Allow adequate time for the students to read

what is on the screen and take notes, if necessary.
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 4. Photography: Photos, and filmstrips

Advantages:
• They are easier to produce
than drawings or paintings;
• They can tell story and are
self-explanatory;
• They help with realistic visual
representations of objects
when you cannot show real
objects.
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 Photography Disadvantages

• Pictures cannot always replace reality;

• They are not easily available for most lectures.

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 5. Wall Charts and Wall Posters

• These are printed on a paper and mounted on a

wall or a notice board.
• The materials required include:
 Strong paper, pens;

 Pencils of different color; eraser,

 Ruler, pin, tape to stick the poster to wall
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 6. Computer Presentation

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 Advantages #1
• You can save the files and update the
information easily.
• You can prepare PPT slides and create
transparencies, a projected presentation,
and related handout easily.

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 Computer … Advantages #2
• Most graphics software is
easy to use and creates
attractive, interesting
presentation materials.
 Disadvantages
• Computers can be expensive and may require
some maintenance.

• You will need electrical outlets, extension

cords, and voltage surge protectors.

• Sometimes computers “crash” or “freeze” and

information can be lost if not saved (back up).
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Tips for Computer Presentations #1
• Make sure technical assistance is available for
problems in using the computer.

• Avoid busy or confusing backgrounds.

• Minimize the transitions between slides.

• Use sound effects sparingly and only to emphasize a

point.

• If using animation, use it consistently.

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 Tips #2
• Remember that your slides should highlight key
points

• Charts and tables should be large and simple for

the message to be clear.

• Always save the presentation on the computer’s

hard drive and on a memory stick or CD-ROM in
case something happens to the computer.

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 Factors Affecting the Selection of Instructional Media

1. Characteristics of the learner such as their experiences,

interests, motivations, as well as characteristics of lecturer
such as person’s skills, attitudes and preferences.
2. Task to be learnt and the teaching method selected. Make
course objectives and content factors as a starting point of your
media selection.
3. Material Factors:- economic constraints (cost), time, availability,
ease of use and maintenance. Shortage of equipments

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 Factors to be considered when designing Visual
instructional media
 Simplicity: they should communicate the idea to the audience
easily
 Pattern: the parts of visual materials should be arranged in a
pleasant manner.
 Balance: the relationship between the various parts of the
visuals should achieve sense of equilibrium.
 Emphasis: the more important elements of a visual should
standout

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 Cont’d…
 Harmony: all elements should work together to support
the basic ideas
 Contrast: background and pictures must have contrasting
colors.
 Lettering: the selection and making a legible and
attractive captions, labels and titles create effective
displays.
 Color: different colors should be used.

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 Principles of Media Selection and
Utilization

 None of the media is the best for learning a particular

subject.
 The media should be consistent with the objectives of the
lesson.
 The media must fit to the ability of the learners.
 The media must have special merit to the desired subject
matter
 The media should not be selected on the basis of personal
preference or bias.

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 Guidelines for Media Selection and Utilization
Media selection and Utilization should meet the following
requirements:
objective of the lesson
Content of the subject matter
The method of instruction
Cost of the media
Appropriateness of the media

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 Cont’d…

 The technical quality of the media

 The usefulness of the media
 Availability of time.
 Do not use limited type of media
 Do not use too many media at a time or at one period.
 Put the media in appropriate places after use.
 Evaluate how the media were effective

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 Thank You!

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