Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Firstaid
Firstaid
Welcome to your:
• Trainer Introduction
• Course register
• Health & Safety
– Fire drill etc.
• Course Format
3
Areas Covered in this Session
• Human Anatomy
• What is first aid
• Aims of first aid
• The Responsibilities of the First Aider
• Delegation / Confidence / Communication
• Incident / Casualty priorities
• Multiple casualties
• Staying Safe during First Aid DANGER
• Telephone the Emergency Services 999
4
Human Anatomy (remind/revise)
1. Trachea
1
2. Lungs
3. Heart
4. Liver
2
5. Stomach 3
6. Pancreas 4
5
7. Large intestine 6
7
8. Small intestine
8
Arteries
Strong muscular, elastic walls
enable arteries to expand
with each surge of blood
away from the heart and
towards tissues
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
6
Circulatory System
7
The Heart
8
Functions of the Blood
• Transportation of gases
• Nutrition
• Regulation
• Protection
• Excretion
9
Pulse Points
Carotid
Brachial
Radial
Femoral
Respirtory
Tongue Centre
(Brain)
Epiglottis
Trachea
Lung Bronchioles
Diaphragm
Alveoli
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
11
Define Respiration
Take in oxygen
Remove carbon dioxide
12
What is First Aid
• To Preserve life
• To Promote recovery
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
17
Road Traffic Accidents
Speed Kills
Alert
responds appropriately / aware of place / time
Verbal
responds in some manner to voice
Pain
responds in some manner to painful stimuli
Unresponsive
Does not respond to painful stimuli
OPEN
AIRWAY
Carbon
Expired Air Dioxide
4% Other
Gases
1%
ALWAYS
WEAR GLOVES
When dealing with blood
or body fluids
Assess Danger
Remove Danger
Assess Casualties responses
Assess Casualties A.B.C
4 X B’s
• Lack of Airway
• Lack of Breathing
• Lack of Pulse
• Suspected Spinal Injury
• Shock
• Asphyxia
• Bleeding
• Cardiac arrest
• Shock
IF NO PULSE PRESENT
COMMENCE CARDIAC MASSAGE !
1. Head
2. Neck
4. Shoulders
3. Chest
6. Abdomen
7. Pelvis Lower
Back
5. Upper Limbs
8. Lower Limbs
If casualty is Unconscious
Look for Clues
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
40
Treatment Priorities
• ABC
• Maintain airway (Recovery position)
• Bleeding
• Treat large wounds and burns
• Immobilise bone and joint injuries
• Other injuries / Conditions
• Regularly monitor casualty ABC
• Casualty’s name
• Casualty’s address
• History of the incident
• Description of any injuries
• Any unusual behavior
• Treatment given
• Breathing
• Pulse
• Response level
• S Symptoms
• A Allergies
• M Medications
• P Past Medical History
• L Last Meal
• E Events
• Dressings
– Control bleeding
– Reduce infection
• Bandages
– Direct pressure
– Securing dressings etc
– Reduce swelling, support limbs
– Restrict movement
Recognition
• Cannot Breathe
• Cannot Speak
• Cannot Cough
• May Clutch Throat
• Ensure A, B, C
• Reassure the patient.
• Position patient up-right
– Leaning forward.
• Ensure a good air supply.
• Monitor vital signs.
• Assist with medication.
• 999?
• Blood loss
• Heart attack
• Allergic reaction
• Loss of body fluids
• Massive infection
• Damage to spinal nerves
RECOGNITION:
– (adrenaline causes)
• Rapid pulse
• Pale gray skin
• Cold clammy skin
• Sweating
MODERATE LOSS
2 to 3 pints (20% - 30%)
SEVERE LOSS
over 3 pints (30% and over)
If unconsciousness persists
Call for the ambulance
59
Anaphylactic Shock
• Anxiety
• Blotchy skin
• Swelling of face
• Swelling of neck
• Puffiness around eyes
• Breathing difficulties
• Rapid pulse
• Relieve Breathing
• Epi-pen
999
• Arterial
• Venous
• Capillary
Always
wear protective gloves and
goggles when dealing with
blood and body fluids
Contusion Laceration
Incised Puncture
Pressure
Elevation
Shock
Infection
999
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
75
Internal Bleeding
• Lungs
• Stomach
• Kidneys
• Upper / Lower Bowel
• Fractured base of skull
• A, B, C
• Treat for shock
– Elevate lower limbs if possible
– Place in the recovery position
if patient becomes
unconscious
– Reassure
– Monitor vital signs
– Urgent removal to hospital
Treatment;
• Displace skin flaps (Split wounds)
• Apply direct pressure (Sterile dressing, secure)
• Lay casualty down slightly raised head &
shoulders
• Unconscious ABC (Recovery position)
HYGIENE
80
Bleeding from Orifices
• Mouth
• Ear
• Nose
• Anus
• Urethra
• Vagina
• Palm wounds
• Bleeding varicose veins
• Wounds at joint creases
82
Eye Injury
S Stroke
F Fainting
H Heart Attack
I Infantile convulsion
A Asphyxia
S Shock P Poison
E Epileptic Fit
H Head injury
D Diabetes
89
Types of Muscles
Voluntary
Biceps etc.
Tendons
Involuntary
Operate vital organs
Heart etc.
IF IN DOUBT - TREAT AS A
FRACTURE !
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
96
Rehabilitation
• Support
• Movement
• Protection
• Produce blood cells
Definition;
• A broken or cracked bone
CAUSES: TYPES
Direct force Open/Closed
Indirect force Stable/Unstable
Muscular action Greenstick
Disease
Simple:
This is a clean break or
crack in the bone
Comminuted:
This is a type of fracture
that produces multiple bone
fragments
Green stick:
A split in a young, immature
bone. Most common in children
Open:
In a open fracture, part of
the bone breaks through the
skin causing bleeding
Closed:
The surrounding skin is
unbroken.
Recognition;
• Difficulty moving limbs
• Pain made worse by movement
• Distortion
• Coarse grating at bone ends
• Shock (Femur, Ribcage, Pelvis)
• Shortening, bending or twisting
• Maintain airway
• Possible spinal injury
• Possible head injury
• Reduce swelling
• Hospital treatment
110
The Human Spine
• Spinal Cord
– Composed of nerve fibres Cervical 7
• Intervertebral discs
Thoracic 12
– Padding or cushioning
– Gristle
Lumbar 5
Sacrum
5 (fused)
4 coccyx (fused)
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
111
Spinal Injuries
IF IN DOUBT
TREAT AS A SPINAL INJURY
114
Principles of Lifting
Superficial
Partial
Thickness
Full
Thickness
• Recognition
– Wet / sweaty appearance, Fatigue / Pale look
– Headaches with possible cramps
• Treatment
– Remove from offending environment
– Fan / cool patient
– Provide cool drink
– Advise to see doctor or dial
999 if they
deteriorate
• Recognition
– Hot dry red skin
– Rapid Lowered level of consciousness
– Nausea and/or vomiting
– Body temperature above 40ºC (104ºF)
• Treatment
– Remove from offending environment
– Dial 999 for an Ambulance
– Cool patient with cold, wet sheets
– Nothing by mouth
121
Hypothermia
• Treatment
– Remove from offending
environment
– Remove wet clothing
– Insulate with blanket or
covers
• Mild
– Offer hot drink
• Severe
– Activate EMS
– Provide source of heat
Colour pale
Skin profuse sweating and cold
Consciousness irritable, confused or may be
unconscious, fits may be
present in later stages
Pulse rapid and weak
Colour flushed
Skin dry
Consciousness restless, drowsy or lethargic
behaviour
Pulse rapid and full
Breathing deep and sighing, possible
sweet smell - acetone
Onset gradual, hours to days
Treatment insulin
126
Hypoglycaemia - Treatment
Conscious Patient;
• Establish A, B, C
• Help patient to lie or sit down
• Give sugary foods, drinks etc.
• Advise to See their Doctor
Unconscious Patient
• Establish A, B, C
• Place patient in recovery position
• Monitor vital signs
• Prevent chilling
• Look for other causes
• Urgent removal to hospital
• Establish A, B, C
• Place patient in recovery position
• Monitor vital signs / Prevent chilling
• Look for other causes
• Urgent removal to hospital
Definition:
• A condition that causes brief disruptions
in the normal electrical activity of the
brain.
• Absence Seizures
– A minor form of epilepsy
– Resembles daydreaming.
• Seizures
– A major form of epilepsy.
– The patient experiences fits with a period of
unconsciousness.
131
Risk Assessment
Hazard means anything that can cause harm (e.g
chemicals, electricity, working from ladders etc).
Risk is the chance high or low, that somebody will
be harmed by the hazard.
• Review Assessment
132
Risk Assessment