Motherboard Architecture

Chipset
Ckktkj esa feyus okys Motherboards esa
rqyukRed v/;;u gsrq Chipset bldk ,d eq[; vk/kkj
gksrk gSaA tSlk fd ge tkurs gSa fd Motherboard
Computer dk ,d vge Hkkx gksrk gS fdlh
Computer esa mlds Video, Hard disk vFkok
Microprocessor dks bu Chipset dh rqyuk esa de
dk;Z djuk gksrk gSaA Chipset eq[;r%
NksVh&NksVh Chips dk ,d lewg gksrk gSA
Chipset dh izR;sd System esa ,d vge Hkwfedk
gksrh gS D;ksafd ;g Computer ds lHkh eq[;
Components ds }kjk lwpukvksa ds vknku iznku dk
vk/kkj gksrh gSaA
Chipset dk fuek.kZ Microprocessor
dks /;ku esa j[k dj fd;k tkrk gSa bl Chipset
dks Motherboard esa ls Upgrade ugha
fd;k tk ldrk tcfd Microprocessor dks cnyk
tk ldrk gSaA Memory dks Upgrade fd;k tk
ldrk gSaA Hard disk vkil esa cnyh tk ldrh
gSaA CD ROM vkil esa cnyh tk ldrh gSa
ysfdu Motherboard dh Design
Motherboard ds Chipset ds vk/kkj ij cuh
gksrh gS ,oa mldh mi;ksfxrk vyx&vyx gksrh
gSaA vr% bls ugha cnyk tk ldrk gSA
Chipset VLSI dk og group gksrk gS tks
fd fdlh ,d Computer System esa vge
Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gq, fdlh nwljs
Chips }kjk le;≤ ij lwpuk,sa vknku&
iznku djrk gSaA ;s lwpuk,sa fofHkUu izdkj
dh Devices ds }kjk ifjofrZr :i esa dke esa
yh tkrh gSaA
fdlh Hkh Motherboard dh igpku mlds
Chipset dks ns[kdj dh tkrh gSaaaA
Motherboard ij nks eq[; Chipset gksrs
gSaA ,d dks North bridge rFkk nwljs
dks South bridge dgk tkrk gSaA
 North Bridge
;g eq[; Chipset gksrk gSaA tks fd lh/ks
rkSj ij Proceesor , RAM, AGP Slot ls tqMk
gksrk gSaA blds lkFk gh lkFk ;g South Bridge
ls Hkh Connect jgrk gSaA North Bridge dks
GMCH Hkh dgk tkrk gSaA GMCH ds Model
No. ds }kjk gh Motherboard dk uke irk pyrk
gSaA D;ksafd tks No. Main Chipset ij fy[kk
gksrk gSaA ogh Motherboard dk uke gksxk A
tSls fd Intel 84845 GSR ;g Chipset ij fy[kk
gqvk gSa rks Motherboard Intel 845 gksxk A
 South Bridge

bls ICH Hkh dgk tkrk gSaA bl

Chipset dk eq[; dk;Z IDE, FDD,
USB, Keyboard o Mouse ,oa
Parellar Port dks Control djuk
gksrk gSA
 Flash ROM
Flash ROM ,d iwoZ fu;ksftr
(preprogrammed) fpi gS rFkk ekbØksizkslslj
bldks dsoy i<+ ldrk gSA bl izdkj ROM esa ,d ckj
lwpuk,Wa fjdkWMZ djus ds i'pkr mls dsoy
“READ” dk;Z ds fy, gh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
bldk dksbZ vU; mi;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ROM
esa lwpuk,Wa lkekU;r% eSeksjh ds fuekZrk }kjk
gh fjdkWaMZ dh tkrh gSA ;g ,d
ukWu&oksysVkby eSeksjh gSA ikoj lIykbZ
vkWQ gksus ij Hkh blesa LVksj dh xbZ
buQkWesZ’ku cuh jgrh gSA
 Types Of Flash ROM
Flash ROM dks ge nks
lewgksa esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSaA
LFkk;h lewg ,oa bjsftfcy
lewg( LFkk;h lewg esa nks izdkj dh
eSeksjh nh x;h gSa (1) Masked
ROM rFkk (2) PROMA blh izdkj
bjsftfcy lewg esa Hkh nks izdkj dh
eSeksjh gSa (1) EPROM rFkk (2)
 Masked ROM
Masked ROM esa fcV
iSVuZ ekfLadx rFkk esVykbts’ku
izfØ;kvksa }kjk LFkk;h :i ls fjdkMZ
dj fn;k tkrk gSaA ;|fi ;g ,d eagxh ,oa
fof’k"V izfØ;k gS] ijarq cM+h la[;k
esa cukus ij ewY; mfpr jgrk gSaA
MICROPROCESSOR esa iz;ksx dh tk
(2) PROM (PROGRAMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY )
ldus okyhROM dksPROMdgrs gSa bls ge
dsoy ,d ckj izksxzke dj ldrs gSa
PROGRAMEfd;s tkus ds i'pkr~ ;g ,d
lkekU; ROM dh Hkkafr gh O;ogkj djrh gS
bl
MEMORYesaNICROMEvFkokPOLYS
ILICONds rkj ,d MATRICesa O;ofLFkr
gksrs gSa A ftUgsa
DIODEvFkokFUSEdh Hkkafr ekuk tk
ldrk gS A FUSEdk tyuk vFkok uk tyuk ;g
fu/kkZfjr djrk gS fd lsy esa 1 STORE gS
 EPROM
PROM
ULTRAVIOLET
ERASE
REPROGRAME 
EPROM
ERASEBL
E PROGRAMABLE ROM 
 EE-PROM
ELECTRICALLY
ERASABLE PROM
FUNCTION
EPROMEPROM
ERASE
PCB
EEPROMPCB

 BIOS
tc ge dEI;wVj dks iz;ksx djrs gSa rks
MsVk buiqV djus ds fy, dh&cksMZ] ekml
vkSj ns[kus ds fy, ekWuhVj rFkk fizaVj tSls
midj.kksa dk bLrseky djrs gSaA bu
midj.kksa dks dEI;wVj ds lhih;w ls tksM+dj
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vkSj lhih;w funsZ’kksa ds
,d fo’ks"k lewg ds dkj.k bUgsa igpkurk gSA
funsZ’kksa dk ;g lewg ,d fpi ds varxZr LVksj
jgrk gSA bl fpi dk uke BIOS gSaA ftldk iwjk
vFkZ gS csfld buiqV vkmViqV flLVeA
 ;g flLVe Flash ROM esa gksrk gS tks fd
Motherboard ij ,d IC ds :i esa gksrk gSaA tc ge
Computer dks pkyw djrs gS ;g rc dke esa vkrh gS tc ge
dEI;wVj dks pkyw djrs gSa rks lcls igys dEI;wVj BIOS
esa fy[ks funsZ’kksa dks i<+rk gS vkSj fQj mUgha ds
vuqlkj dk;Z djrk gSA loZizFke pyus okyk Power On
Self Test (POST) Hkh blh dh lgk;rk ls Test djrk
gSaA ftldk dk;Z eq[; :i ls Computer esa yxs fofHkUu
iqtsZ tSls RAM, Processor, Keyboard, Mouse,
Hard disk vkfn dks Check djuk gksrk gSaA
dEI;wVj esa iz;ksx gksus okyh LFkkbZ LVksjst
fMokbl tSls fd gkMZfMLd] vkSj lhMh&jkse dks Hkh blh
BIOS dh otg ls ge iz;ksx dj ikrs gSaA enjcksMZ esa yxss
BIOS ds varxZr yxHkx nks esxkckbV dk ,d izksxzkke
LVksj jgrk gSA tks fd ,d EEPROM gksrh gSA
 CMOS
dEI;wVj esa iz;ksx gksu okys ;g fo’ks"k
izdkj ds baVhxzsVsM lfdZV gksrs gSa buesa
dksbZ Hkh izksxzke LVksj ugha gksrk gS
cfYd BIOS tks MsVk jhM djrh gS og buesa
LVksj gks tkrk gSA CMOS uked ;g fpi ,d ?
kM+h dh rjg ls Hkh dk;Z djrh gS vkSj blesa
le; vkSj rkjh[k Hkh LVksj jgrs gSaA bl fpi ds
varxZr yxHkx 64 fdyksckbV MsVk LVksj gks
tkrk gSA vktdy CMOS fpi esa 128
fdyksckbV MsVk LVksj gks ldrk gSA vkidk
dEI;wVj CMOS esa LVksj MsVk ds vuqlkj
 ;g Memory Circuit dk og Hkkx gksrk
gS tgkWa fd Configuration data fy[kk
tkrk gS tks fd System booting ds le; ij
BIOS }kjk iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA
bl Memory dks lnSo pkyw j[kus ds fy;s ,d
Battery yxh jgrh gS tks fd bls ges’kk pkyw j[krh
gSA bl CkSVjh dks CMOS Battery dgrs gSaA
ge BIOS }kjk tks Hkh Setting Save djrs gSa
og CMOS IC esa gh tkdj lso gksrh gSaA ;g
Motherboard dk ,d Important Part gSaA