 Some image of C.P.

U (Processors)
What is the difference between a processor and a
microprocessor ?
Processor cgqr gh lkekU; Hkk"kk esa Computer
dk og Part gS tks fd Instruction dks Execute djokrk gSA
tcfd Microprocessor ,d ,slh Unit gS tks ,d IC ds Åij cukbZ
tkrh gS tks fd ,d Chip ds :i esa gksrh gSaA ,d Motherboard ds
Åij vusd Microprocessor ik;s tkrs gSaA tks fd fdlh u fdlh
izdkj ls eq[; Processor ls tqM+s gksrs gS tSls North bridge,
South bridge rFkk ROM vkfnA ;s lHkh vius vki esa ,d
Microprocessor gS D;ksafd ;s ,d izdkj dh Pre-
programmed Chip gSaA bUgha Chips dks
Microprocessor dgk tkrk gSaA iqjkus le; esa ,d PC esa ,slh
vusd Chips gqvk djrh Fkh ftUgsa Microproceesor dgk tkrk
Fkk A Processor , Microprocessor dk gh ,d cM+k :i gS
ftlesa ,d lkekU; Microprocessor ls 5000 xquk vf/kd rkdr
gksrh gSA
 Processor
;g Computer dk lcls eWagxk uktqd
o lcls vko’;d Part gksrk gSaA ftlds }kjk
User ds Instruction dks Execute
djok;k tkrk gSaA ;g Computer ds
fnekx dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSaA
 History Of Processor
Processor, Computer dk Main
Part gksrk gS vkSj og Motherboard ij
yxk gksrk gS tksfd Motherboard ds ckdh
ds lfdZV ds Combination ls dk;Z djrk
gSaA
Intel Company ds }kjk cuk;k
x;k igyk Microprocessor Intel 4004
FkkA tks fd ,d 4-Bit Microprocessor
FkkA bldk fuekZ.k 1971 esa fd;k x;k Fkk
rFkk bldh Clock Speed 108 KHz FkhA
baVsy dkWjiksjs’ku us vius iqjkus 4004
izkslslj esa rduhfd fodkl djrs gq, viSzy 1972
esa 8008 uked izkslslj dks cktkj esa mrkjkA
bldh izkslsflax xfr 200 KHz FkhA
vFkkZr ;g ,d lsdsaM esa 200 funsZ’kksa dk
ikyu djus esa l{ke FkkA vkdkj esa ;g 4004
ds cjkcj Fkk ysfdu ;g 8-Bit MsVk cl ls ySl
FkkA
blds ckn baVsy dkWjiksjs’ku us vizSy
1974 esa 8080 ds uke ls ,d ,slk izkslslj
fodflr fd;k ftldh izkslsaflx xfr fdyksckbV
ls fudydj esxkckbV gks xbZA ;g 2 MHz
dh izkslsaflx {kerk ls ;qDr Fkk
rFkk ;g ,d 8-Bit dk izkslslj FkkA
 loZizFke IBM Standard ds lkFk tks PC Market
esa vk;k Fkk mlesa 8088 Microprocessor dk Use
fd;k x;k Fkk tks fd 8-Bit ij dk;Z djrk FkkA bldh
Clock Speed 5-10 MHz gqvk djrh FkhA 1981 esa
PC Series ds vxys Processor 80286 dk mn;
gqvkA bldh Speed 6-12 MHz gqvk djrh FkhA ;g
djhc ,d yk[k rhl gtkj Transistor ls feydj cuk gqvk
FkkA
blds ckn 1985 esa 80386 Microprocessor dk
mn; gqvkA bldh Speed 16-33 MHz rd Fkh rFkk ;g
32-Bit ij dk;Z djrk FkkA blds ckn 80486 cuk ;g Hkh
32-Bit ij dk;Z djrk FkkA
lu 1993 ds e/; esa Pentium Processor vk;k tks
vkt Hkh vius c<+rs gq;s Version’s ds lkFk mi;ksxh fl)
gks jgk gSaA
 Types Of Processor
Processor dks 3 Hkkxksa esa
ckWaVk x;k gSa %&
(1)Normal Processor

(1)Mobile Processor

(2)TCP Processor
 Normal Processor
General Desktop Computer
esa tks Processor use fd;k tkrk gS
mls Normal Processor dgrs gSaA bu
Processors dks Motherboard esa
ls Upgrade fd;k tk ldrk gSaA
 Mobile Processor
Laptop Computer esa ftu
Processor dk use fd;k tkrk gSa mUgsa
Mobile Processor dgk tkrk gSaA bls O;Dr
djus ds fy, Processor ds uke ds vkxs –M dk
Use fd;k tkrk gSaA bl Processor esa iryh
Heat sink dk Use fd;k tkrk gS ftlds dkj.k ;g
vf/kd rkieku ij Hkh lkekU; :i ls dk;Z djus esa l{ke
gSaA budh Power [kir Hkh de gksrh gSaA
budh Temperature Safety High gksrh gS
rFkk Power Consumption vU; Tecnology
dh vis{kk cgqr de gksrh gSaA
 TCP Processor
bl Processor dk Use Notebook
Computer esa fd;k tkrk gSaA tks fd lh/ks
Motherboard ij Soldered dj fn;s tkrs gS
ftUgsa Motherboard ij ls Upgrade ugha
fd;k tk ldrkA orZeku le; esa ;g Atom
Motherboard ds lkFk Soldered fd;k gqvk
vk jgk gSaA ftls Desktop PC ij Use fd;k tk
ldrk gSaA TCP dk iwjk uke Vsi dSfj;j iSdst
gSaA
TCP Processor tks Motherboard ij Soldered
gSS
This is Atom Mother Board
 Clock Speed
Processor ,dProgram file ds
fØ;kU;o;u esa tks le; yxkrk gS ogh mldh xfr gksrh gSA
ftls Clock Speed dgrsgSaAComputer
dsProcessor dhSpeeddksekiusdsfy;sHz dk
Use fd;ktkrkgSAPresent Time esa
Processor dhSpeed GHz (xhxkgVZt)
rdigqWqpx;hgSA;fn Processor fdlh funsZ'k ds
fØ;kU;o;u esa 1 Second dk le; ysrk gS rks mldh Speed, 1
Hz gksxh A
Ex. 700 MHz, 1.2 GHz, 3.0 GHz.
 Cache Ram
Computer World esa ;g 'kCn ,sls Storage
Area ds fy, Use fd;k tkrk gSa tks fd cgqr gh rsth ls dk;Z djus
esa l{ke gksrh gS A bl Area esa jgus okys Data dks
Processor cgqr gh rsth ls Use djus esa l{ke gksrk gSaA
Cache ram dk rkRi;Z eq[;r% dke esa vkus okys data dks
Store djus okyh Memory ls gksrk gSaA tks fd data dh
Fast Processing dj Store djus esa l{ke gS A ;g Cache
ram nwljh RAM ls dkQh eagxh gksrh gsS blfy;s bldk Size
Computer esa lnSo de ik;k tkrk gsS A
 Present time esa ;gMemory
2Hkkxksa esa cV x;h gS ftls L1 ,oa L2 ds
uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA L1 Cache Memory
eq[;r% 16ls128 KB rd gksrh gSa ,oa L2
cache Memory dqN cM+h gksdj
128l512 KB rd gksrh gSaA vk/kqfud
Processor esa ;g4 MBrd ik;h tkrh
gSA
bl Memory dk eq[; mnns’; rst xfr ds
Microprocessor dks fcuk Wait Status
ds fy[kus o i<+us ds fy;s LFkku nsuk gksrk
gSA
tc Processor lh/ks rkSj ij Cache Memory ls Data
vknku&iznku djrk gS rks bls Cache Hit dgrs
gSaA ;fn ,slk ugha gksrk gS rks Processor dks Data
vknku&iznku djus gsrq Main memory dks o
Secondry memory dks dke esa ysuk gksrk gS blesa
dqN le; yxrk gS vkSj ftlls Wait Status c<+ tkrk gSaA
bls Cache miss ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS tc Hkh dksbZ
Data, Processor }kjk Main memory esa ls dke esa
fy;k tkrk gS rks mls Cache memory esa Hkh Store
fd;k tkrk gS rkfd Hkfo"; esa nksckjk vko’;drk iM+us ij
Cache memory esa ls mls lh/ks rkSj ij dke esa ysdj
Wait status dks cpk;k tk lds vr% ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd
Cache ram dk eq[; dk;Z le; dks cpk dj Computer dh
xfr dks cuk;s j[kuk gSaA Cache memory cgqr egaxh
vkrh gS blfy;s bUgsa Main memory ds LFkku ij dke
esa u ysdj Processor ij fHkUu&fHkUu Size esa
Note :– Data dk izokg bl izdkj gksrk
gS
v v
HARD DISK ls RAM esa
v v

RAM ls Cache Ram eas

NOTE:-
Cache ram lsProcessor esa
L1 Cache Ram is inbuilt with Processor
L1 is called as Internal Cache RAM
L1 first introduced with 80486 Microprocessor
L1 is faster then L2
L2 is called as External Cache RAM
 CPU Technologies
MMX TECHNOLOGY
blsMULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY
dgrsgSaAbldkukeMATRIC MATH EXTENSION
gSAblTECHONOLOGY kjkgh3d graphics &
vedio dks Li"Vrk ds lkFk ns[kk tk ldrk gS A
bl rduhd dkmi;ksxPENTIUM PROCESOR
esafd;kx;kgSA
 SMM TECHNOLOGY

;g TECHNOLOGY
PROCESSOR ds vanj iz;ksx dh tkrh gS
bldk iwjk uke SYSTEM
MANAGEMENT MODE gS bldh otg ls
CPU cgqr de fo/kqr ls viuk dk;Z dj ldrk
gS rFkk [kqn dks xeZ gksus ls cpkrk gS
A
 SSE Technology

;g MMX TECHNOLOGY dk lq/kjk gqvk :i gS bls

STREAMING SIGNAL MULTIPLE DATA EXTENSION
dgk tkrk gS A

NOTE-:– bl TECHNOLOGYdks
PENTIUM-III PROCESSOR lsMARKET esamrkjk x;k
Fkk vkt PENTIUM 4 PROCESSOR esa bls SSE-2 ds uke
ls tkuk tkrk gS A
AMD PROCESSOR Eksa bls 3-D NOW ds uke ls tkuk
tkrk gS
 Processor core

Processor dhcore,
Processor dk og Hkkx gS tks fn;s
x;sinstruction dksBinary Hkk"kk
esa cnydj mUgsa executedjrhgSA
 Dual Core
Dual Core ,d Single Chip ij nks Core yxkdj cuk;k tkrk
gSA tks L2 cache memory vkSj Bus Interface dks
Share djrk gSA
Note:- Dual Core Chip nks vyx vyx
processor dh rjg dk;Z ugh dj ldrh gS,
Tkcfd bls nks dksj feyk dj cuk;k tkrk gS A
Note:- ATHLON 64x2, Pentium D,
igysDUAL CORE PROCESSOR gS ,oa dqN
mnkgj.kCORE Duo ,oaCore 2 Duo, AMD
ATHOLON FX60 gSaA
Note :- Intel kjkMarket esa 4
Core okyk Processore “ Core 2
Quad ” dsukelsyk;kx;kgSA
Hyper Threading Technology

,d gh le; ij ,d ls vf/kd Program dks

Run ;k Execute djus dh Technology Technology HT
dgykrh gSA HT Technology Intel dskjk
cuk;h x;h gSA
Processor cukus okyh dqN
Companies ds uke bl izdkj gSa :-

• AMD (Advanced Micro Device)

• IBM (International Business Machine)

• Intel (Integrated Electronics)

DATE :- ;g FIELD ml YEAR dks n’kkZrh
gS tc og Processor Introduced gqvkA

Transistor :- ;g FIELD crkrh gSa fd og

Processor fdrus Transistor ls feydj cuk
gSaA
Microns :- ;g rkj dh eksVkbZ ukius dh
bdkbZ gS izkslslj ds vanj ,d Transistor dks
nwljs lfdZV ls tksM+us ds fy, tks rkj Use
gksrk gSaA ;g mldh eksVkbZ gSaA mnkgj.k
ds fy, ekuo cky dh eksVkbZ 100 Microns
gksrh gSaA