02 UMTS and HSPA Principle New

Principles of the WCDMA System
and evolution to HSPA

Preface
• Now, the most popular term in the mobile

communication field is WCDMA!
• What is WCDMA? And what is its benefit?
• Today, let’s go to know about WCDMA!
Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 2

Objectives
 After studying this course, you should be able to:
 Know the basic knowledge of the CDMA

system.
 Master advantages of the CDMA
technology comparing with other
multiple access technologies.
 Know technical features of WCDMA FDD.
Contents
Chapter 1 WCDMA Principle

Chapter 2 Technical Features of WCDMA FDD

Overview of CDMA Principles
 Radio Propagation Environment
 Multiple Access Technology and Duplex

Technology
 CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver

Multipath Environment
Transmitted
signal
Strength of the
received signal
Time

Fading
Transmitted data
Received data
0
-5
-10
-15
dB
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40

Fading
Rx power (dBm)
-20 Fast fading

Slow fading
-40
-60
Distance (m)
10 20 30

Frequency-Selective Fading
P(f) P(f)
Fading
Narrowband
System
f f
Transmit Signal Received Signal
P(f) P(f)
Fading
Broadband
System f f
Transmit Signal Received Signal

Classification of Typical Radio Mobile Channels
• Static channel
• Pedestrian channel in typical urban areas (TU3)
• Vehicle mounted channel in typical urban areas
(TU30)
• Vehicle mounted channel in rural areas (RA50)
• Vehicle mounted channel on the highway (HT120)

Overview of CDMA Principles

Technology

Duplex Technology – Distinguish User’s UL and DL Signal – FDD
• Frequency division duplex (FDD) : Distinguish the uplink and

downlink according to the frequencies.
– Adopted by the WCDMA, CDMA2000 and
GSM
– Advantage: It can be easily implemented.
– Disadvantage: The spectrum utilization is low
when the uplink and downlink services
(mainly the data services) are asymmetrical.

Duplex Technology – Distinguish User’s UL and DL Signal – TDD
• Time division duplex (TDD) : Distinguish the uplink and downlink according to
the timeslots.
– Adopted by the TD-SCDMA
– Advantage: The uplink and downlink can be allocated
with different numbers of timeslots when the uplink
and downlink services are asymmetrical. Therefore,
the spectrum utilization is high.
– Disadvantage:
• It cannot be easily implemented and needs precise synchronization. In the CDMA
system, GPS synchronization is needed.
• When it is used with the CDMA technology, it is difficult to control interference between
the uplink and the downlink.

Multiple Access Technology - Distinguish Different
Users
CDMA
Traffic channels: different users
are assigned unique code and
transmitted over the same
Power
frequency band, for example,
WCDMA and CDMA2000
c y
Time Frequen
TDMA
Power
Traffic channels: different time slots are
cy allocated to different users, for example,
Tim en
qu DAMPS and GSM
FDMA e Fre
Use
U r
Use ser
Power Us r
Use er Traffic channels: different frequency bands are
r cy allocated to different users,for example, AMPS and
Tim en
qu TACS
e Fre

Characteristics of CDMA System
• High Spectral Efficiency

– Frequency multiplex coefficient is 1.
• Soft capacity
– Quality
– Coverage
– Interference
• Self-interference system
– A UE transmission power is interference for another UE.
• Wideband system

Overview of WCDMA Principles

Technology

Questions
• Why does the WCDMA system have enhanced anti-

interference performance?
• Why is the WCDMA system more secure?
• Why are the WCDMA handsets more environment
protective?

Common Terms
• Bit, symbol and chip
– Bit (bps): the data that is obtained upon source coding and
contains information.
– Symbol (sps): the data obtained upon channel coding and
interleaving.
– Chip (cps): the data obtained upon final spreading.
• The spreading rate of WCDMA is: 3.84 Mcps
• Processing gain
– It refers to the ratio of the final spreading rate to the bit rate
(cps/bps).
– In the WCDMA system, the processing gain depends on the
specific service.

Spreading Factor and Service Rate
• Chip rate = symbol rate  spreading factor

– For WCDMA, if the chip rate is 3.84 MHz and the spreading factor is 4, the symbol
rate is 960 Kbps.
– For CDMA2000-1x, if the chip rate is 1.2288 MHz and the spreading factor is 64, the
symbol rate is 19.2 Kbps.
• Symbol rate = (service rate + check code) ×

channel code ×repetition or punching rate
– For WCDMA, if the service rate is 384 Kbps and the channel code is 1/3 Turbo, the
symbol rate is 960 Kbps.
– For CDMA2000-1x, if the service rate is 9.6 Kbps and the channel code is 1/3
convolutional code, the symbol rate is 19.2 Kbps.

Basic Diagram of the WCDMA System
Channel RF transmission
Source
coding and Spreading Scrambling Modulation
coding
interleaving
Radio link
Channel
Source deinterleaving RF reception
decoding and De-spreading De-scrambling Demodulation
decoding de-interleaving

Source Coding in WCDMA
• The WCDMA system adopts the adaptive

multi-rate (AMR) speech coding.
– A total of eight coding modes are available. The coding rate ranges from 12.2 Kbps to
4.75 Kbps.
– Multiple voice rates are compatible with the coding modes used by current mainstream
mobile communication systems. This facilitates the design of multi-mode terminals.
– The system automatically adjusts the voice rate according to the distance between the
user and the NodeB, thus reducing the number of handovers and call drop.
– The system automatically decreases the voice rate of some users according to the cell
load, thus saving power and containing more users.
Channel
Source RF transmission
coding and
Interleaving Spreading Scrambling Modulation
coding interleaving

Channel Coding in WCDMA
• Channel coding can enhance symbol correlation to recover signals in the case of
interference.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25
• Code type
– Voice service: Convolutional code (1/2 and 1/3).
– Data service: Turbo code (1/3).
Channel
Source RF
Interleaving
coding Spreading Scrambling Modulation
coding transmission
interleaving

Interleaving
• Interleaving is used to damage symbol correlation and reduce the impact caused by fast fading and
interference of the channel.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ... ... 452 453 454 ……
Ist interleaving B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
. . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . .
....
. . . . . . . .
449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456
2nd interleaving
{A4,B0} {A5,B1} {A6,B2} {A7,B3} {B4,C0} {B5,C1} {B6,C2} {B7,C3}

Self Correlation and Mutual Correlation of Code Words
• Different users adopt different spreading

code words, such as x1(t) , x2(t) ….
– Self correlation determines multipath interference.
– Mutual correlation determines multiple access interference.
• Self-correlation function
– R(τ) =<x1(t) ， x1(t+τ) >
• Mutual-correlation function
– V(τ) =<x1(t) ， x2(t+τ) >
1, when x1=x2 , and x = y

Note: <x1(x) ， x2(y)> =
0, others

Spreading Principle
• Users who need to send information: UE1, UE2 and UE3

– UE1 uses c1 for spreading: UE1 x c1
– c1, c2 and c3 are orthogonal to each other
• Information sent: UE1 x c1 + UE2 x c2 + UE3 x c3
Channel RF transmission
Source Interleaving Scrambling
coding and Spreading Modulation
coding
interleaving

De-spreading Principle
• UE1 uses c1 for de-spreading.

– (UE1 x c1 + UE2 x c2 + UE3 x c3) x c1
= UE1 x (c1 x c1) + UE2 x (c2 x c1) + UE3 x (c3 x c1)
= UE1 x 1 + UE2 x 0 + UE3 x 0
= UE1
• In the same way, UE2 uses c2 for de-spreading and UE3
uses c3 for de-spreading to get their own signals.

Spreading Principle
____________
UE1: +1 -1 1
_____________
UE2: -1 +1
c1: +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1
c2: +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
UE1xc1: +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1
UE2xc2: -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1 +1 +1
UE1xc1 ＋ UE2xc2: 0 -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2

De-spreading Principle
UE1×c1 ＋ UE2×c2 ： 0 -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2
UE1 de-spreading with c1: +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1

De-spreading result: 0 +2 0 +2 0 -2 0 -2
Integral: +4 -4
Decision: +4/4 = +1 -4/4 = -1
UE2 de-spreading with c2: +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

De-spreading result: 0 -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2
Integral: -4 +4
Decision : -4/4 = -1 +4/4 = +1
Question: How to generate those orthogonal codes like c1 and c2?

OVSF & Walsh
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
OVSF codes (Walsh) are completely orthogonal and

their mutual correlation is zero.

Why CDMA system is a self interference system?
• Since all the users use orthogonal code, where does

the self interference come from?
– Comes from the code error during the transfer.
– If there are some code error on one user’s information, it
misses some orthogonal to others. Then interference
comes.

Sample of code error
UE1xc1 + UE2xc2 ： 0 -2 0 -2
0 +2 0 +2
c1: +1 -1 +1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1
UE1xc1
Result:
+ UE2xc2 error
2 +2 0 +2
： 2 -2 0
0 -2 0 -2
-2
Integral: 1 +2 +60 +2 -4
Decision: +6/4 = 1.5 -4/4=-1
C2 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
Result: 2 -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2
Integral: -2 +4
Decision: -2/4=-0.5 +4/4=1

Scrambling in the WCDMA System
• Downlink: Different cells have different
downlink scrambling codes.
– Each cell is configured with a unique downlink scramble. The UE identifies a cell based
on the scramble.
– The OVSF code is used to distinguish different users in a cell.
• Uplink: Scrambles are used to distinguish

different users.
– In one cell, each user is configured with a unique uplink scrambling code.
– The OVSF code is used to distinguish the services of a user.
Channel
Source RF
Interleaving
coding and Spreading Scrambling Modulation
coding transmission
interleaving
Spreading and Scrambling
Chips after
spreading
Symbols 3.84Mcps and
xx sps 3.84M
scrambling
OVSF code Scrambling

code
3.84Mcps

Code Generation Technologies in CDMA
• Random sequence (Bernoulli sequence)

– It consists of 0’s and 1’s only, with the number of 0’s equal to that of 1’s.
– The probability of continuous 1 or 0 is as follows: 1/2 for one continuous 0 or 1, 1/4 for two
continuous 0 or 1, 1/8 for three continuous 0 or 1….
– One half of the shift sequence is the same as the original sequence and the other half is
different.
• m sequence - scrambling code used in the

CDMA2000 system
– It is generated by the shift register.
– As the longest linear shift register sequence, its period is 2n-1, where “n” stands for the
length of the shift register.
– When the delay is 0, the self-correlation function has a maximum value. In other cases, the
function value is always -1.
– It meets the Bernoulli sequence.
– Its disadvantages are: Only one sequence is available and different users are distinguished by
different phases. So it has a high requirement for synchronization.

Gold Sequence — Scrambling Code in the WCDMA System
• Gold sequence
– It consists of two preferred m sequences on the

Exclusive-OR basis.
– Its self-correlation function has multiple values,
which is worse than the m sequence.
– It exceeds the m sequence in quantity.
• The Gold sequence is used to distinguish the cells and users in the WCDMA
system owing to its good self correlation.
– Good self correlation determines the Gold

sequences can be used to distinguish users, thus the
multiple access function is realized.

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Gold
Sequence
• Advantages: The Gold sequence needs no GPS synchronization and
features high system flexibility and security.
– The NodeB can work in asynchronous mode.
– It is easy to realize indoor coverage.
• Disadvantages: The Gold sequence has greater inter-code interference
than the m sequence.

Spreading/De-spreading Principle — Explanations for Frequency Domain
Eb / No = Ec / Io  gain
Power spectrum
a2Tbit = Ebit
Demodulation
Allowed maximum interference threshold
level of the system
Gain Power that all the

users can share
Interference signals
from other users
Echip

Spectrum Change in CDMA
Spreading code P(f)

P(f)
f
Broadband signal P (f)
f
Narrowband signal
f
Noise
Separation of
signals and noise
P (f)
Signal
combination Noise + broadband signal
P (f)
f
Spreading code f
The CDMA broadband spreading technology

effectively avoids frequency-selective fading of radio channels.

Rake Receiver
Correlator 1
The combined
Correlator 2 Combiner signal
Receive set
Correlator 3
Searcher correlator Calculate the time

delay and signal
strength
s(t) s(t)
t t
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive performance
of the system
Summary - Advantages of CDMA
• RAKE receiver is adopted

– The time diversity effect generated by channel
coherence time is efficiently used.
• Frequency diversity
– Wideband frequency spectrum
• Higher interference tolerance and security performance
– Low signal transmission power
• Great flexibility in carrying multiple services with largely
different bit rate and QoS requirement.
– Different spreading factors for different services with
different data rates
• High spectral efficiency
– All users can share the same frequency spectrum
simultaneously.
• Supporting soft handover and softer handover.
Contents
Chapter 1 WCDMA Principle

Chapter 2 Technical Features of WCDMA FDD

Characteristics of WCDMA FDD
• Channel bandwidth: 5MHz
• Chip rate: 3.84Mcps
• Frame length: 10ms
• Voice coding: AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate)
• Uplink and downlink modulation: QPSK/QPSK
• Coherence demodulation aided with pilot
• Fast closed loop power control: 1500Hz
• Handover: soft/hard handover
• Support synchronous and asynchronous
NodeB operation

Characteristics of WCDMA FDD
• Satisfy the minimum performance requirement of
IMT2000
• Compatible with GSM-MAP core network
• Comparatively steady version R99 has been released
• Support open loop and closed loop transmit diversity
mode
• Support Common Packet Channel(CPCH) and Downlink
Share Channel, adapt to Internet data access mode
• Support macro diversity, selection diversity of NodeB
location
• Support different fast power control algorithms and open
loop, out loop power control
• Fully support UE locating services

Differences Between the WCDMA and GSM on the Air
Interface
WCDMA GSM
Carrier spacing 5 MHz 200 KHz
Frequency reuse coefficient 1 1-18
Power control frequency 1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower
Through network planning

QoS control Through the RRM algorithm
(frequency planning)
The 3.84 MHz bandwidth
enables the air interface to use
Frequency diversity Frequency hopping
the rake receiver for multipath
diversity.
Timeslot-based scheduling
Packet data Load-based packet scheduling
in GPRS
Supported by the protocol to Not supported by the
Downlink transmit diversity
improve downlink capacity standard but can be applied.
UMTS Cells
Mega Cell >10 km Macro Cell 5-10 Km

Micro Cell 0.5 km Pico Cell 100 m
GU Network architecture.

USER Equipment or UE
The USER Equipment or UE is a major element of the overall 3G UMTS network
architecture. It forms the final interface with the user.
There are a number of elements within the UE that can be described separately:
• UE RF circuitry: The RF areas handle all elements of the signal, both for the
receiver and for the transmitter. One of the major challenges for the RF power
amplifier was to reduce the power consumption.
• Baseband processing: The base-band signal processing consists mainly of digital
circuitry. This is considerably more complicated than that used in phones for
previous generations. Again this has been optimised to reduce the current
consumption as far as possible.
• Battery: While current consumption has been minimised as far as possible within
the circuitry of the phone, there has been an increase in current drain on the
battery. With users expecting the same lifetime between charging batteries as
experienced on the previous generation phones, this has necessitated the use of
new and improved battery technology. Now Lithium Ion (Li-ion) batteries are used.
• Universal Subscriber Identity Module, USIM: The UE also contains a SIM card,
although in the case of UMTS it is termed a USIM (Universal Subscriber Identity
Module).
UMTS radio access network, UTRAN
• The UMTS Radio Access Network, UTRAN, or Radio Network Subsystem,

RNS comprises two main components:
• Radio Network Controller, RNC: This element of the UTRAN / radio
network subsystem controls the Node Bs that are connected to it, i.e. the
radio resources in its domain.. The RNC undertakes the radio resource
management and some of the mobility management functions, although
not all. It is also the point at which the data encryption / decryption is
performed to protect the user data from eavesdropping.
• Node B: Node B is the term used within UMTS to denote the base
station transceiver. This part of the UTRAN contains the transmitter and
receiver to communicate with the UEs within the cell. It participates with
the RNC in the resource management. NodeB is the 3GPP term for base
station, and often the terms are used interchangeably.

• Sites resource saving and easy site acquisition
• BBU can be embedded in indoor and outdoor equipment due to its small size, 19'
width x 1U height
• RRU is easy to install due to its light weight, only 20 kg
• Fast deployment and civil work saving .
• Distributed Node B can be used as macro Node B, RRU output power is 20 W.
• Reducing power consumption

eUTRAN interfaces
• There are several interfaces that are defined for the UTRAN elements:
• Iub : The Iub connects the NodeB and the RNC within the UTRAN.
Although when it was launched, a standardisation of the interface
between the controller and base station in the UTRAN was
revolutionary, the aim was to stimulate competition between suppliers,
allowing opportunities like some manufacturers who might concentrate
just on base stations rather than the controller and other network
entities.
• Iur : The Iur interface allows communication between different RNCs
within the UTRAN. The open Iur interface enables capabilities like soft
handover to occur as well as helping to stimulate competition between
equipment manufacturers.
• Iu : The Iu interface connects the UTRAN to the core network.

UMTS Core Network
• Circuit switched elements

The circuit switched elements of the UMTS core network
architecture include the following network entities:
• Mobile switching centre (MSC): This is essentially the same
as that within GSM, and it manages the circuit switched calls
under way.
• Gateway MSC (GMSC): This is effectively the interface to the
external networks.
• Packet switched elements
The packet switched elements of the 3G UMTS core network
architecture include the following network entities:

• Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): As the name implies, this entity
was first developed when GPRS was introduced, and its use has been
carried over into the UMTS network architecture. The SGSN provides a
number of functions within the UMTS network architecture.
– Mobility management When a UE attaches to the Packet Switched domain of
the UMTS Core Network, the SGSN generates MM information based on the
mobile's current location.
– Session management: The SGSN manages the data sessions providing the
required quality of service and also managing what are termed the PDP (Packet
data Protocol) contexts, i.e. the pipes over which the data is sent.
– Interaction with other areas of the network: The SGSN is able to manage its
elements within the network only by communicating with other areas of the
network, e.g. MSC and other circuit switched areas.
– Billing: The SGSN is also responsible billing. It achieves this by monitoring the
flow of user data across the GPRS network. CDRs (Call Detail Records) are
generated by the SGSN before being transferred to the charging entities
(Charging Gateway Function, CGF).

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN): Like the SGSN, this entity
was also first introduced into the GPRS network. The Gateway
GPRS Support Node (GGSN) is the central element within the
UMTS packet switched network. It handles inter-working
between the UMTS packet switched network and external
packet switched networks, and can be considered as a very
sophisticated router. In operation, when the GGSN receives
data addressed to a specific user, it checks if the user is active
and then forwards the data to the SGSN serving the particular
UE.

Conclusion 1
• This part of the course describes the WCDMA system.

• This course first describes some key technologies. Then,
describes the basic principles of CDMA and the WCDMA FDD
mode.
• After studying this course, we can have a preliminary
understanding of WCDMA, thus laying a good foundation for
subsequent study.

Duald Carrier–HSPA+
Technology

Evolution (Cont..)
Type Wide Wider than prev.
2G
Services Speed Travel Voice/ SMS
Devices Cart/ Vehicle Digital phones
200kHz
2.5G
Data
GPRS/EDGE
384kbps (max)

Evolution (Cont..)
UMTS
3G
• Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
• WCDMA
Data Rates Targets

• 2 Mbps for fixed wireless
• 384 Kbps for pedestrian
• 144 Kbps for vehicular traffic
5MHz
Evolution (Cont..)
3.5G HSPA
• High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) – 14.4Mbps
3G
• High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) – 5.76Mbps
3.75G HSPA+
3.5G
• Download Speed - 21 Mbps
• Upload Speed – 5.76 Mbps
DC-HSPA+
3.75G
• Dual Carrier HSPA+
• Download Speed - 42 Mbps
• Upload Speed – 5.76 Mbps
5MHz
5+5 MHz
Mobile Broadband Technology
Evolution
High Speed
Enhanced High Speed Packet Access
Data Rates for Downlink Plus
GSM Evolution Packet Access
Dual Carrier
Wideband Code HSPA = HSDPA + HSUPA High Speed
General Packet Division (HSUPA= High Speed Packet
Radio Service Multiple Access Uplink Packet Access) Access Plus
GSM/ EDGE WCDMA HSDPA HSPA HSPA+ DC-HSPA+

GPRS
Release R’96/97 R’98 3GPP 3GPP R5 3GPP R6 3GPP R7 3GPP R8
R’99
Max 171kbps 384kbps 2Mbps 14.4Mbps 14.4Mbps 21Mbps 42Mbps
Theoretical
DL speed
Max 14kbps 14kbps 384kbps 384kbps 2Mbps 5.76Mbps 5.76Mbps

Theoretical
UL speed
CDMA : Full BW, All
the time
But…
Not full RF power.
 One Frequency in all the

Cells
Freq. Reuse Factor = 1
 Entire BW used by each user

at the Same time
How to Differentiate Cells and Users ?
Spreading Operation
Channelization Codes (SF) Scrambling Codes
Data
Data Rate Chip Rate Chip Rate
Channelization codes : Increases Signal BW ; Uses

Orthogonal codes
Scrambling codes : Does not Increase Signal BW ; Uses

Pseudo noise codes
Channelization Codes….
 Based on OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor)
code tree
Differentiate users within a sector

What is “Spreading Factor” ?
Also Known as Processing Gain
𝐶h𝑖𝑝 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑆𝐹 =
𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒
Q). For a 12.2kbps Voice call what is the required SF ?

(Chip Rate : 3.84 Mcps)

WCDMA (R’99)

Dedicated Channel (DCH)
5MHz carrier
(Chip Rate : 3.84Mcps)
Transmission Time Interval (TTI) : How frequently data is

transmitted to user. TTI : 10ms
Modulation : QPSK
Retransmission and Scheduling : RNC

What is HSDPA ?

No Dedicated Channels any more
 High speed Shared Channel
 TTI : 10ms 2ms

 Adaptive Modulation (QPSK and 16 QAM) and
Coding
 Retransmission and Scheduling
RNC NodeB
Dedicated Channel Vs Shared Channel
Shared Channel is much more efficient than a dedicated

channel to carry bursty Packet traffic
High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH)
Transport channel used mainly for data
transmission.
Contains three main Physical layer channels

 HS – PDSCH : For DL data tx.,Up to 15
codes, SF 16
 HS – SCCH : For DL control info. Tx., Up

to 4 codes, SF 128
 HS – DPCCH : For UL tx. (CQI,

ACK/NACK), SF 256Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 69
Resource Sharing in HSDPA…..
Codes
Time
2ms TTI 2ms TTI 2ms TTI 2ms TTI
An Example of throughput reduction with number of users
in Etisalat; DUBAI.
User 2 User 3
Connect Connect

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
• The High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

concept was added to Release 5 to support higher
downlink data rates
• It is mainly intended for non-real time traffic, but can
also be used for traffic with tighter delay requirements.
• Peak data rates up to 10 Mbit/s (theoretical data rate
14.4 Mbit/s)
• Reduced retransmission delays
• Improved QoS control (Node B based packet scheduler)
• Spectrally and code efficient solution
HSDPA features
• Agreed features in Release 5
– Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
• QPSK or 16QAM
– Multicode operation
• Support of 1-15 code channels (SF=16)
– Short frame size (TTI = 2 ms)
– Fast retransmissions using Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)
• Chase Combining
• Incremental Redundancy
– Fast packet scheduling at Node B
• E.g. Round robin, Proportional fair
• Features agreed in Release 7
– Higher order modulation (64QAM)
– Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)

HSPA Peak Data Rates
Downlink HSDPA Uplink HSUPA
• Theoretical up to 14.4 Mbps • Theoretical up to 5.76 Mbps
• Initial capability 1.8 – 3.6 Mbps • Initial capability 1.46 Mbps
Max Max
# of codes Modulation # of codes TTI
data rate data rate
2 ms
5 codes QPSK 1.8 Mbps 2 x SF4 1.46 Mbps
10 ms
5 codes 16-QAM 3.6 Mbps 2 x SF2 10 ms 2.0 Mbps
10 codes 16-QAM 7.2 Mbps 2 x SF2 2 ms 2.9 Mbps
2 x SF2 +
15 codes 16-QAM 10.1 Mbps 2 ms 5.76 Mbps
2 x SF4
15 codes 16-QAM 14.4 Mbps
Data rate per HS-PDSCH code = (Chip rate/SF) = 3.84Mcps/16 =0.24

Max number of available HS-PDSCH = 15
Now it will depends of the modulation scheme: QPSK or 16QAM

HSDPA DL speed
For QPSK only 2 bits are used per symbol

For 16QAM, 4 bits are used per symbol
For 64QAM, 6 bits are used per symblor
Data rate=Data Rate per HS-PDSCH code*Max Number of code*number of bit per symbol

HSPA Peak Data Rates
For 16QAM, we will have the throughput:

D0=0.24*15*4 =14.4Mbps
With HSPA+, another modulation scheme was included in the

system, 64QAM that used 6 bits.
The new maximum bit rates is: D1=0.24*15*6=21.6Mbps

Mostly we use to talk about 21Mbps

From HSDPA to HSPA+ ……

High Speed Packet Access - HSPA
HSDPA + HSUPA
 HSUPA : Designed to increase the uplink throughput over the air
interface
Theoretical peak user bit rate : 5.76 Mbps
Enhanced Dedicated Channel (E-DCH) in UL

HSPA+ (Rel.7)
Modulation :
16 QAM, QPSK 64 QAM
Q). Calculate the max. possible throughput

that can be achieved with HSPA+

What is Dual Carrier - HSPA+ ?
(DC-HSPA+)

HSPA+ Vs DC-HSPA+….
Single Stream Dual Streams

HSPA+ vs DC-HSPA+….
With HSPA+,
f1 f1 f2
Users are served using only one
carrier
DC-HSPA+,
two carriers have been aggregated
together to provide high speeds to
users
HSPA+ DC -HSPA+
f1, f2 : 5MHz carriers

About Two carriers……
Anchor Carrier : Both UL and DL
Supplementary Carrier : Only for DL

DC-HSPA+….
Doubles Speed
Throughout
the cell.

Other Advantages :
HSDPA Carrier load balancing : High Radio Resource
usage efficiency
DC-HSPA+ is backward compatible with earlier

Releases of 3G (R’99, Rel.5, Rel.6 and Rel.7)
High Spectrum efficiency

DC-HSPA+ Test Results
Peak Throughput
32Mbps
@ Rotunda Tower.

From Local File YouTube
Torrentz Server
: : :
15.1Mbps 8.2 Mbps
HSPA+ 16.5Mbps
DC -
18.6Mbps
HSPA+ 32.7 Mbps

24.5Mbps
Test Results from BagathaleRd
With HSPA+
Speed
Doubled!
With DC -HSPA+
Test Results at Malabe
With HSPA+ With DC -HSPA+
Speed
Doubled!

Can all of us archive these higher
Speeds, beyond 21Mbps ??
Need to have DC-HSPA+ capable device with correct APN
• Dongle, phone, Tab WiFi router

Need to use a application which need this much of higher
data rates
• Eg: Will not get high speed by watching HD Youtube
The server side also need to have the capability to support
higher speed
• Eg: Torrent download can have limitation from sever side
No improvement on UL with this technology

Why 32 Mbps max?
42 Mbps is the Theoretical max. achievable in
Physical Layer
No of Codes used : 14
Radio Conditions

Different customers - different
Requirements

What Speeds Customers Need
5Mbps,
Higher the better
Depend on seeds
300kbps, 700kbps, 1.5Mbps
500 kbps
100kbps
100kbps
400 kbps
94 Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM
• One connection can cater the data
demand of a family or a SME
Sharing
• Better user experience
• High Capacity
Doubling
What we can do with DC-HSPA+ ?
DC-HSPA+ Capable Devices
E 372
E 587 ZTE MF80

Beyond DC-HSPA+ ….

4G
Future of Mobile Broadband…..
• High-Definition Telepresence
• Telemedicine and Remote Surgery
• Video Instant Messaging and Video Presence
• High-Definition Television
• Real-Time Data Backup

THANK YOU

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02 UMTS and HSPA Principle New

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Principles of the WCDMA System

and evolution to HSPA

• Now, the most popular term in the mobile

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 2

 After studying this course, you should be able to:

 Know the basic knowledge of the CDMA

Chapter 1 WCDMA Principle

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 4

 Radio Propagation Environment

 Multiple Access Technology and Duplex

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 5

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 6

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 7

-20 Fast fading

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 8

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 9

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 10

 Radio Propagation Environment

 Multiple Access Technology and Duplex

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 11

• Frequency division duplex (FDD) : Distinguish the uplink and

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 12

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 13

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 14

• High Spectral Efficiency

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 15

 Radio Propagation Environment

 Multiple Access Technology and Duplex

 CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 16

• Why does the WCDMA system have enhanced anti-

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 17

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 18

• Chip rate = symbol rate  spreading factor

• Symbol rate = (service rate + check code) ×

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 19

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 20

• The WCDMA system adopts the adaptive

load, thus saving power and containing more users.

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 21

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 22

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ... ... 452 453 454 ……

{A4,B0} {A5,B1} {A6,B2} {A7,B3} {B4,C0} {B5,C1} {B6,C2} {B7,C3}

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 23

• Different users adopt different spreading

1, when x1=x2 , and x = y

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 24

• Users who need to send information: UE1, UE2 and UE3

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 25

• UE1 uses c1 for de-spreading.

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 26

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 27

UE1 de-spreading with c1: +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1

UE2 de-spreading with c2: +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

Question: How to generate those orthogonal codes like c1 and c2?

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 28

OVSF codes (Walsh) are completely orthogonal and

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 29

• Since all the users use orthogonal code, where does

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 30

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 31

• Uplink: Scrambles are used to distinguish

OVSF code Scrambling

Cours proposer par Dr Eric DEUSSOM 33