Referencing

2020 – 2021
BY

S O M A FATA H R A S U L

REPRESENTED
BY
DR. BNAR J AHMED
 Lecture Outline

 Meaning of Referencing
 Why reference? Why referencing is important?
 When to reference? When you do not need to reference
 References and bibliographies
 Referencing styles
 How to reference
 Differences between Harvard and APA styles
 Examples of the Harvard style of referencing
 Plagiarism
 Meaning of Referencing

It is an expected academic practice that students will

refer to (or cite) the sources of ideas, data and other
evidence in written assignments.
Referencing is an essential part of academic writing.
Referencing is a key academic practice for university
students.
As a students in referencing you should learn:
 How to write brief and full citations for any kind of text.
 the different referencing styles preferred by departments
 What we mean by plagiarism and how to avoid it.
 How to compile a bibliography or reference list.
 When to reference

1. To give the reader the source of tables, statistics, diagrams,

photographs and other illustrations included in your assignment
2. When describing or discussing a theory, model or practice associated
with a particular writer
3. To give weight or credibility to an argument supported by you in your
assignment
4. When giving emphasis to a particular theory, model or practice that
has found a measure of agreement and support among commentators
5. To inform the reader of sources of direct quotations or definitions in
your assignment
6. When paraphrasing another person’s work, which is outside the realm
of common knowledge, and that you feel is particularly significant or
likely to be a subject of debate. This can also include definitions.
 When you do not need to reference

There are four situations when you do not need to

reference sources. These are:
1. When presenting historical overviews
2. When presenting your own experiences
3. In conclusions, when you are repeating ideas
previously referenced
4. When summarizing what is regarded as ‘common
knowledge’.
 Why referencing is important

Referencing correctly:
Is crucial to successful research.
allows others to identify the sources you have used.
helps you to avoid plagiarism by making it clear which ideas
are your own and which are someone else’s
gives supporting evidence for your ideas, arguments and
opinions
shows your understanding of the topic
Shows that you have read widely.
Can help you get better marks.
Improves your writing skills
 References and bibliographies

What is the difference between a ‘References List’ and a

‘Bibliography’?

A reference list includes all works that have been referred to in

the assignment.
In the Harvard style, references are listed at the end of your
work, and are organised alphabetically by the surname of the
author.

A bibliography includes all the material consulted in writing

your assignment even if you have not cited them within it.
 Referencing styles

1. The author–date (Harvard) style

2. The American Psychological Association (APA)
style
3. Vancouver (numeric) referencing style
4. Oxford referencing (in-text citations are in footnotes)
5. Modern Humanities Research Association (MHRA)
(English Literature, Theatre and Television)
6. OSCOLA referencing style ( School of Law)
7. The Modern Languages Association (MLA) style.
8. Chicago style
 How to reference

There are two requirements for referencing:

• This is the brief indication of the source

within the text of your work immediately
In the text citation following the use of the source whether
quoted or summarised.

• a complete list of all the cited references

used in your work with full bibliographic
Reference list details, to allow the reader to follow up
these references and find the original text.
 In the text citation (in text referencing)

 Writing an in-text citation in two ways:

1- Paraphrasing:
•Paraphrasing is putting someone else's ideas into your own words.
•Paraphrasing is more valued by lecturers than quoting directly because it
requires more intellectual effort on your part and when done successfully
demonstrates an understanding of the material you have read.
•When you paraphrase, try to work at the paragraph level rather than
individual sentences

2- Direct Quotations:
•is including a section of a source in your own work using exactly the same
words as those used by the original author.
•It doesn't matter whether it is a phrase, sentence or paragraph, you will
need to reference the source of the quote.
 Example

Original citation:
"With rates of childhood obesity climbing over the last decade, some
parents and policy-makers have thought to consider whether the
availability of endless soda and junk food in school vending
machines might be contributing to the problem—and if banning those
foods in schools might help solve it" (Price, 2012).

Paraphrase:
Price discusses the possibility that the availability of unhealthy,
sugary snacks and drinks in school vending machines has
contributed to the rising epidemic of obesity in children.  In an effort
to eliminate the source of the problem, some of have proposed
implementing a ban (2012).
 Examples of the Harvard style of referencing

 Book (one or more authors)

Start your full reference with the last name of the author
Followed by year of publication
Followed by title of book: in italics or underlined
Finally, the place of publication and name of publisher.

Example
In-text citation: (Wilmore 2000)
(Just cite the last name(s) of writer(s) and the year the book was
published.)
Full reference: last page
WILMORE, G.T.D. (2000). Alien plants of Yorkshire. Kendall: Yorkshire
Naturalists’Union.
 Examples of the Harvard style of referencing

 Referencing journal articles

the last name of the author of the article and initials of author
year of publication
Title of article
Name of the journal or magazine (in italics or underlined)
Volume number and part number (if applicable) and page numbers..

Example
In-text citation: (Bosworth and Yang 2000).
(Just cite the last name(s) of writer(s) and the year the book was published.)
Full reference: BOSWORTH, D. and D. YANG (2000). Intellectual property
law, technology flow and licensing opportunities in China. International
Business Review, vol. 9, no. 4, pp.453–477.
 Examples of the APA style of referencing

A few researchers in the linguistics field have developed training programs designed to
improve native speakers' ability to understand accented speech (Derwing et al., 2002;
Thomas, 2004). Their training techniques are based on the research described above
indicating that comprehension improves with exposure to non-native speech. Derwing et
al. (2002) conducted their training with students preparing to be social workers, but note
that other professionals who work with non-native speakers could benefit from a similar
program.

References
Derwing, T. M., Rossiter, M. J., & Munro, M. J. (2002). Teaching native speakers to listen
to foreign-accented speech. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 23(4),
245-259.

Thomas, H. K. (2004). Training strategies for improving listeners' comprehension of

foreign-accented speech (Doctoral dissertation). University of Colorado, Boulder.
Differences between Harvard and APA styles
Differences between Harvard and APA styles
 Vancouver style

Vancouver is a numbered referencing style

commonly used in medicine and science. and
consists of:
 Citations to someone else's work in the text, indicated by the use of a
number.
 A sequentially numbered reference list at the end of the document
providing full details of the corresponding in-text reference.

References are listed in numerical order, and in the

same order in which they are cited in text. The
reference list appears at the end of the paper.
Example of Vancouver style
 Plagiarism

Plagiarism involves the use of any person's work or ideas without full and
clear referencing and acknowledgement and is a form of Academic
Misconduct for which you can be penalised.

Three main forms of plagiarism

1. Copying another person’s work, including the work of another student
(with or without their consent), and claiming or pretending it is your own
2. Presenting arguments that use a blend of your own and a significant
percentage of copied words of the original author without
acknowledging the source
3. Paraphrasing another person’s work, but not giving due
acknowledgement to the original writer or organization publishing the
writing, including Internet sites.
 How to avoid plagiarism

The most effective way of avoiding plagiarism is to write

in well-developed paragraphs.
Each paragraph should have a clear main point, which
reflects your individual response to the question or task.
The main point should always be written in your own
words and should be sufficiently general to allow you to
explain, elaborate and illustrate it using research.
When you explain or analyse the main idea you will
need to refer to the research literature either by
paraphrasing or by using direct quotes.
 How to avoid plagiarism

Plan your work in advance and manage your time

effectively
Read a passage and then make notes afterwards.
This makes it easier to use your own words
Note down all the details for each source as you
work. This will help you to compile a reference list or
bibliography
Save your notes and work until you receive your
final mark.