THE CHEMISTRY OF MATTER

Dr. Ponco Iswanto

 TOPICS
• States of Matter
• Classification of Matter
• Chemical Composition of Matter
 STATES OF MATTER
• The Four States of Matter

• Four States
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• Plasma
 STATES OF MATTER
 Based upon particle arrangement
 Based upon energy of particles
 Based upon distance between particles
 Kinetic Theory of Matter
Matter is made up of particles which are in
continual random motion.
 STATES OF MATTER
SOLIDS

•Particles of solids are

tightly packed, vibrating
about a fixed position.

•Solids have a definite

shape and a definite
volume.
Heat
 STATES OF MATTER
LIQUID
 Particles of liquids are
tightly packed, but are
far enough apart to
slide over one
another.

 Liquids have an
indefinite shape and a
definite volume. Heat
 STATES OF MATTER
GAS
 Particles of gases
are very far apart
and move freely.

 Gases have an
indefinite shape
and an indefinite
volume.
Heat
 PHASE CHANGES
Description of Term for Phase Heat Movement During
Phase Change Change Phase Change

Heat goes into

Solid to Melting the solid as it
liquid melts.
Heat leaves the
Liquid to
Freezing liquid as it
solid
freezes.
 PHASE CHANGES
Description of Term for Phase Heat Movement During
Phase Change Change Phase Change

Vaporization,
Liquid to which includes Heat goes into the
gas boiling and liquid as it vaporizes.
evaporation
Heat leaves the gas
Gas to liquid Condensation
as it condenses.
Heat goes into the
Solid to gas Sublimation
solid as it sublimates.
 STATES OF MATTER
PLASMA
 A plasma is an
ionized gas.
 A plasma is a very
good conductor of
electricity and is
affected by
magnetic fields.
 Plasmas, like gases •
Plasma is the
have an indefinite
shape and an common state
indefinite volume. of matter
 STATES OF MATTER

SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA

Tightly packed, in a Close together with Well separated with Has no definite
regular pattern no regular no regular volume or shape
Vibrate, but do not arrangement. arrangement. and is composed of
move from place to Vibrate, move Vibrate and move electrical charged
place about, and slide freely at high particles
past each other speeds
PLASMA
PLASMA
PLASMA
 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
• Scientists like to classify things.
• One way that scientists classify matter is by its
composition.
• Ultimately, all matter can be classified as
mixtures, elements and compounds.
 Why isn’t it a good idea to classify
matter by its phases?

• Because one kind of substance can exist in more than

one phase – such as H20. And matter changes phases
rather easily.
 Why isn’t matter classified according to
its physical characteristics, such as color?

• Scientists wouldn’t find it very useful to group gold,

sunflowers, and the sun together.
• Scientists ask themselves these questions?
– Is the matter uniform throughout?
– Can it be separated by physical means?
– Can it be separated by chemical means?
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
(Pure) Substance
 Matter that has a uniform and
definite composition.

 Elements

 Compounds
Mixture: a physical blend of two or
more substances that are not
chemically combined.
 Homogeneous

 Heterogeneous
B) Mixtures
Mixture
 A physical blend of two or more
substances.
Mixtures
 Homogeneous

 Heterogeneous
Homogeneous mixture
(solution)

 Uniform composition throughout.

 One phase.
Phase of a Mixture
A part of a mixture with uniform
properties and composition.
Copper II Sulfate and its
solution in water.
Example: Stainless Steel
A homogeneous
mixture of:
-Iron (Fe)
-Chromium (Cr)
-Nickel (Ni)
Example: Gaseous Mixture
 Elements
argon and nitrogen and
a compound (water vapor).
Heterogeneous Mixtures

Example:
Oil and vinegar

 Non-uniform composition
throughout the mixture
 Two or more phases.
Note:
 Mixtures
can be physically
separated.

 Mixturesexhibit physical
properties similar to the
components of the mixture.
Separation Methods
 Usedifferences in the physical
properties of the components of
the mixture.
Example: Separate iron filings
from sulfur using a magnet.
Filtration: separates a solid from a
liquid in a heterogeneous mixture
Distillation:
-separate dissolved solids from a liquid
-uses boiling and condensation.
Distillation of Crude Oil
(Refining)

 Crude Oil is a mixture of Hydrocarbons

Distillation of Crude Oil
c) Elements and Compounds
Elements
 The simplest substances.
 Can not be separated into simpler
substances.
 Building blocks of all matter.
 More than 100 known elements.

 Represented by chemical
symbols.
Chemical Symbols of Elements
 System started by Jons Berzelius
(Sweden, 1779-1848)
 One or two first letters of name of
the element.
 Many elements names have roots
from: Latin, Greek, mythology,
geography, names of scientists.
 Examples:
 Americium, Am  Lead(Plumbum), Pb

 Einsteinium, Es  Niobium, Nb

 Bromine, Br  Iron (Ferrum), Fe

 Helium, He  Mendelevium, Md
Compound
 A substance that contains two or more
elements chemically combined.

 Compounds have different properties

from the individual substances.
(Ex: H2O)
Example: H2O
Substance or mixture?
 Ifcomposition is fixed and may
not changesubstance
d) Chemical Properties
and Chemical Changes
H2O composition is fixed-
compound
Gaseous Phase Liquid Phase
Chemical Properties
 The ability of a substance to
transform into a new substance
(to undergo a chemical change).

 Example:Magnesium reacts with

oxygen to form magnesium
oxide.
Magnesium Mg
Burning of Magnesium
2Mg+ O2 2MgO
Physical Changes
 Physical change: a change in the
physical properties of a substance.

 Composition does not change.

 May be reversible or irreversible.

 Examples:

Reversible:
Irreversible:
Chemical Change
 A change that produces matter with a
different composition than the original
matter.
 Atoms rearrange themselves into new
combinations.
Burning of Methane
CH4 +2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
Burning of Methane
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
Recognizing a Chemical Change

 energy exchange
 production of a gas
 color change
 formation of a precipitate
Formation of a Precipitate

Cu(OH)2
Precipitate
The Law of Conservation of Mass
(Antoine Lavoisier)
 In
any chemical or physical
change, mass is neither
created or destroyed

 Mass is CONSTANT
 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MATTER

• This topic talks about the pure subtance.

• The substance has definite and invariant
composition.
• The composition can be classified as follow:
1. Element: metals and non-metals.
2. Compounds.
 Elements
• Elements are the simplest pure substance.
– An element can not be changed into a simpler substance
by heating or any chemical process.
• The smallest particle of an element that has the
properties of that element is called an atom.
– An atom is the basic building block of matter.
• There are more than one hundred known elements
in the universe listed on the periodic table of
elements.
– These elements combine in such a way to create millions
of compounds.
RELATIVE ABUNDANCE IN NATURE
• O2 = 49.85%
• Si = 26%
• Al = 7.28%
• Fe = 4.12%
• Ca = 2.76%
• Na or K = 2.33%
• Mg = 2.11%
• H2 = 0.97%, and rest..
 Elements

• All elements are

made of atoms.
• Atoms of the same
element are alike.
• Atoms of different
elements are
different.
 Elements
• In 1813, a system of
representing
elements with
symbols was
introduced.
– Each symbol consists of one or
two letters.
– Two letters are needed for a
chemical symbol when the first
letter of that element’s name has
already been used.
 Common Elements

Aluminum Al
Bromine Br
Calcium Ca
Carbon C
Gold Au
Helium He
Hydrogen H
Nitrogen N
 METALS
• All metals are solid (except Hg which is in liquid
state).
• They are malleable (can be hammered into thin
sheet).
• They are also ductile (can be drawn into wires).
• They are very good conductor of heat and
electricity.
• Their melting point and boiling point are generally
very high.
 NON-METALS
• Element which are devoid of metallic properties.
• Some of them are solid or liquid, and some are gaseous
in nature.
• Solids (carbon, iodine, phosphorus and sulphur)
• Liquid (bromine)
• Gases (chlorine, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, flourine,
helium, neon)
• There is metalloids which have both metallic and non-
metallic properties. For examples: germanium, arsenic,
silicon, boron, antimony.
 Compounds
• Compounds are also pure
substances, which are
produced by union of two
or more elements in a
definite proportion.
• But compounds are made
from more than one
element.
• Water is a compound.
• Water can be broken down
into simpler substances –
hydrogen and oxygen.
 PROPERTIES OF COMPOUNDS
• It is always homogeneous and having two or more elements.
• The elements present in the compound are always in the
fixed ration by weight.
• The properties of the compound are always different from
the individual element.
• They (elements) cannot be seperated by simple mechanical
process, from compounds.
• During the formation of a chemical compound, energy in the
form of heat, light, electricity, etc.., is either evolved of
absorbed.