• Irradiation • Heat • Chemical treatment Irradiation • By gamma radiation (dose 1.5 Mrad) • This techniques used for packaging material which sensitive to high temperature Heat • Moist heat (commonly used) in the form of hot water or saturated steam (121-129 ˚C) • Dry heat (> 176 ˚C) in the form of superheated steam or hot air may also be used to sterilize the packaging material and equipment . Chemical Treatment • Chemical treatments : • Hidrogen peroxide H2O2 • Paracetic acid • Ethanol • Ethylene oxide • Most aseptic packaging system used H2O2 at conc of 30-35 %, followed by hot air (60-125 ˚C) to dissipate residual H2O2