DNA replication is semiconservative because each

chromosome ends up with one new strand of DNA and

one old strand.
Semi-conservative replication of DNA

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DNA replication
• Begins at an origin of replication
• Helicase unwinds and unzips the DNA double helix
• An RNA primer is synthesized
• DNA polymerase III adds nucleotides in a 5’ to 3’ direction
• Leading strand – synthesized continuously in 5’ to 3’ direction
• Lagging strand – synthesized 5’ to 3’ in short segments; overall
direction is 3’ to 5’

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Bacterial replicon

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Flow of genetic information

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• What are the products that genes encode?
• RNAs and proteins
• How are genes expressed?
• transcription and translation

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Gene expression
• Transcription – DNA is used to synthesize RNA
• RNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible
• Translation –making a protein using the information provided by
messenger RNA
• occurs on ribosomes

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• Genotype - genes encoding all the potential characteristics of an
individual
• Phenotype -actual expressed genes of an individual (its collection of
proteins)

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DNA-protein relationship

1. Each triplet of nucleotides (codon) specifies a

particular amino acid.
2. A protein’s primary structure determines its shape
& function.
3. Proteins determine phenotype. Living things are
what their proteins make them.
4. DNA is mainly a blueprint that tells the cell which
kinds of proteins to make and how to make them.

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DNA-protein relationship

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