BSMT Review Guides for Marlow

MARITIME TERMS


Abaft - towards the boats stern.
Abeam - at right angles to the centre-line of the boat.

Amidships - the centre of the boat, athwartships and

fore-and-aft.

Athwartships - at right angles to the fore-and-aft line of

the boat.
Azimuth - angular distance measured on a horizon circle
in a clockwise direction, usually between an observer and a
heavenly body.
 MARITIME TERMS

Anchorage: A place suitable for anchoring.

Astern: The bearing of an object 180 degrees from
ahead (behind).
Ballast tanks: Double bottoms for carrying water
ballast and capable of being flooded or pumped out
at will.
Ballast: Heavy weights packed in the bottom of a
boat or ship to give her stability.
 MARITIME TERMS

Ballast - extra weight, usually lead or iron, placed low in the boat or externally
on the keel to provide stability.

Batten - a light, flexible strip, fed into a batten pocket at the leech of the sail to
support the roach.
Bearing - the direction of an object from an observer, measured in degrees true
or magnetic.

Berth - (1) place occupied by a boat in harbour, (2) sleeping place on board.
Bight - a bend or loop in a rope.
Bilge - the lower, round part inside the hull where water collects.
Block - a pulley in a wooden or plastic case, consisting of a sheave around which
a rope runs. It is used to change the direction of pull.
Bulkhead - partition wall in a boat normally fitted athwartships.
 MARITIME TERMS

Bollard: A line-securing device on a wharf around

which mooring and berthing lines are fastened.
Bulk cargo: Loose cargo (dry or liquid) that is
loaded (shoveled, scooped, forked, mechanically
conveyed or pumped) in volume directly into a ship’s
hold; e.g., grain, coal and oil.
Bulkhead: A structure used to protect against
shifting cargo and/or to separate the load.
 MARITIME TERMS

Bos'n's chair: The piece of board on which a man working aloft is swung.
Bos'n's locker: The locker in which the bos'n keeps his deck gear.
Bow: The forward part of a vessel's sides (front).

Boxing the compass: Calling names of the points of the compass in

order.

Bridge: The raised platform extending athwartships, the part of the ship
from which the ship is steered and navigated.

Bulkhead: Transverse or longitudinal partitions separating portions of

the ship ("walls" in a ship).

Bunker: Compartment for the storage of oil or other fuel.

 MARITIME TERMS

Cable - distance of measurement equalling 0.1 sea

mile, 185 metres, 200 yards
Centre-line - centre of the boat in a fore-and-aft
line.
Chart Datum - reference level on a chart below
which the tide is unlikely to fall. Sounding are given
below chart datum. Datum level varies on country &
area.
Course - the direction in which a vessel is steered,
usually given in degrees, true, magnetic or compass.
Cardinal points: The four principal points of the compass: North, East, South and
West.

Chain locker: A compartment forward where the chain cable is stowed.

Chock: A heavy wooden or metal fitting secured on a deck or on a dock, with jaws,
used for the lead or to guide lines or cables.

Cleat: A fitting of wood or metal, with horns, used for securing lines (tying up).

Coaming: The raised frame work around deck openings, and cockpit of open boats
(hatch coaming).

Cofferdam: The space between two bulkheads set close together, especially
between fuel tanks (two walls separated to use for drainage or safety).
 MARITIME TERMS

Deviation - the difference between the direction

indicated by the compass needle and the magnetic
meridian, caused by metal objects aboard.
Displacement - (1) the weight of water displaced by a
boat is equal to the weight of the boat.
Draft - the vertical distance from the waterline to the
lowest point of the keel.
Drogue - a sea anchor put over the stern of a boat or
liferaft to retard drift.
 MARITIME TERMS

Departure - the distance between two meridians at

any given parallel of latitude
Rhumb line - a line on the surface of the earth
making the same oblique angle with all the
meridians
Course is the direction in which a vessel is steered or
intended to be steered
Bearing
the horizontal direction of one terrestrial point from
another
 MARITIME TERMS

Davit: A curved metal spar for handling a boat or

other heavy objects.
Dead ahead: Directly ahead on the extension of the
ship's fore and aft line.
.
Distress signal: A flag display or a sound, light, or
radio signal calling for assistance.
 MARITIME TERMS

Dead Weight Tonnage (DWT): Maximum weight of a vessel

including the vessel, cargo and ballast.
.Demurrage: A penalty fee assessed when cargo isn’t moved off a wharf
before the free time allowance ends.
dock: (verb) - To bring in a vessel to tie up at a wharf berth. (One parks a
car, but docks a ship.) (noun) - A dock is a structure built along, or at an
angle from, a navigable waterway so that vessels may lie alongside to
receive or discharge cargo. Sometimes, the whole wharf is informally
called a dock.
Dry bulk: Minerals or grains stored in loose piles moving without mark
or count.
Examples are potash, industrial sands, wheat, soybeans and peanuts.
Dunnage: Wood or other material used in stowing ship cargo to prevent
its movement.
 MARITIME TERMS

Even keel: Floating level (no list).


Fantail: After deck over counter. The part of a rounded stern which
extends past the rearmost perpendicular.
Fathom: Six feet. Comes from the Dutch word "fadom" which was the
distance between fingertips of outstretched hands.

Fid: A tapered wooden pin used to separate the strands when splicing
heavy rope.

Fog horn: A sound signal device (not necessarily mechanically operated).

Fore peak: The part of the vessel below decks at the stem.
Forecastle: A compartment where the crew lives.
 MARITIME TERMS

Gantry crane: Track-mounted, shoreside crane utilized in the loading

and unloading of breakbulk cargo, containers and heavy lift cargo.
General cargo: Consists of both containerized and breakbulk goods, in
contrast to bulk cargo. See: breakbulk, container, bulk, dry bulk). General
cargo operations produce more jobs than bulk handling.
Gross tonnage: The sum of container, breakbulk and bulk tonnage.
Heavy lift: Very heavy cargoes that require specialized equipment to move
the products to and from ship/truck/rail/barge and terminals.
Home port: Port from which a cruise ship loads passengers and begins its
itinerary, and to which it returns to disembark passengers upon conclusion
of voyage. Sometimes referred to as "embarkation port" and "turn around
port."
 MARITIME TERMS

Freeboard: The distance from the surface of the

water to the main deck or gunwale.
Freeing port: A port in the bulwark for the purpose
of freeing the deck of water.
Freighter: A ship designed to carry all types of
general cargo, or "dry cargo.“
Ground tackle: A term used to cover all of the
anchor gear.
Grounding: Running ashore (hitting the bottom).
Gunwale: The upper edge of a vessel or boat's side.
 MARITIME TERMS

Geographical Mile - is the linear unit of length spanned by

1 minute of arc along the earth’s Equator. 
 
1 geographic mile = 1855 km
Statute Mile - the unit of distance measured on land equal
to 1760 yards.
 1 statute mile = 1609 km
Nautical Mile or Sea Mile is a unit of distance set by
International agreement as being exactly 1852 km.
 It was defined as the distance spanned by one minute of
arc along a meridian of the earth.
 MARITIME TERMS

1 Nautical mile = 1852 km

Difference of Latitude - is the number of degrees by which two parallels of latitude are
separated from each other. 
 
The D’Lat can have a name of N and S.

Difference of Longitude - is the number of degrees by which two meridians are separated
from each other.
 
The D’Long can have a name of E and W.

Knot is a unit of speed used by navigator of one nautical mile per hour 
 The standard symbol is kn.

 Cable - is a nautical unit of length equal to one length of a nautical mile or 185.2 m or
also termed as 100 fathoms.
 MARITIME TERMS

Course is the direction in which a vessel is steered or

intended to be steered
Bearing is the horizontal direction of one terrestrial
point from another
True course. The direction in which the ship moves
in still water is the direction of its fore-and-aft line.
EP - Estimated Position
EPIRB - Emergency Position Indication Radio Beacon
ETA - Estimated Time of Arrival
ETD - Estimated Time of Departure
 MARITIME TERMS

Fairlead - a fitting through which a line is run to alter the

direction of the lead of the line.
Fathom - the measurement used for depths of water and
lengths of rope. 1 fathom = 6 ft = 1.83m
Fiddle - a raised border for a cabin table, chart table etc. to
prevent objects falling off.
Fix - The position of a vessel as plotted from two or more
position lines.
Forestay - the foremost stay running from the masthead to
the stemhead, to which the mainsail is hanked.
Freeboard - vertical distance between the waterline and the
top of the deck.
 MARITIME TERMS

GMDSS - Global Maritime Distress and Safety

System.
Gooseneck - the fitting attaching the boom to the
mast, allowing it to move in all directions.
GPS - Global Positioning System
Guard rail - a metal rail fitted around the boat to
prevent the crew from falling overboard.
Guy - a steadying rope for a spar a spinnaker guy
controls the fore-and-aft position of the spinnaker
pole; the foreguy holds the spinnaker pole forward.
 MARITIME TERMS

Hatch: An opening in a ship's deck for passageway or for

handling cargo or stores
Hawse buckler: An iron plate covering a hawse hole
Hawse-pipes: A pipe lead-in for anchor chain through ship's
bow.
Hawser: A rope used for towing or, mooring.
Heaving line: A small line thrown to an approaching vessel, or
a dock as a messenger.
Jacob's ladder: A ladder of rope with rungs, used over the
side.
Jettison: To throw goods overboard
Jetty: A landing wharf or pier; a dike at a river s mouth.
 MARITIME TERMS

Keel: The timber or bar forming the backbone of the vessel and
running from the stem to the stempost at the bottom of the ship.
Knot: Speed of 1 nautical mile per hour (1.7 land miles per hour).
Knot: A twisting, turning, tying, knitting, or entangling of ropes or
parts of a rope so as to join two ropes together or make a finished
end on a rope, for certain purpose.
Ladder: A metal, wooden or rope stairway.

Lanyard: A rope made fast to an article for securing it (knife

lanyard, bucket lanyard, etc.), or for setting up rigging.

Lashing: A passing and repassing of a rope so as to confine or

fasten together two or more objects; usuafly in the form of a bunch.
 MARITIME TERMS

Halyard - rope used to hoist and lower sails.

HAT - Highest Astronomical Tide.
Hatch - an opening in the deck giving access to the
interior.
Headway - the forward movement of a boat through the
water.
Heel - to lean over to one side.
IMO - International Maritime Organisation
ITU - International Telecommunication Union
Isobars - lines on a weather map joining places of equal
atmospheric pressure.
 MARITIME TERMS

Jackstay - a line running fore-and-aft on both sides of the boat to which

safety harnesses are clipped.
Kedge - a small, light second anchor.
Keel - the main backbone of the boat to which a ballast keel is bolted or
through which the centre-board passes.
Lanyard - a short line attached to one object, such as a knife, with which it
is secured to another.
Leeward - away from the wind, the direction to which the wind blows.
Leeway - the sideways movement off its course as a result of the wind
blowing on one side of the sails and hull.
List - a boat's more or less permanent lean to one side, owing to improper
distribution of weight.
Log - (1) an instrument for measuring a boats speed and distance travelled
through the water. (2) to record in a book the details of a voyage.
 MARITIME TERMS


Life-line: A line secured along the deck to lay hold of in heavy weather; a line
thrown on board a wreck by life-saving crew; a knotted line secured to the span
between life-boat davits for the use of the crew when hoisting and lowering.

Line: A general term for light rope.

Logbook: A book containing the official record of a ship's activities together with
remarks concerning the state of the weather, etc.
Longitudinal: A fore and aft strength member of a ship's structure.

Longshoreman: A laborer who works at loading and discharging cargo.

Lookout: The man stationed aloft or in the bows for observing and reporting
objects seen.

Lubber line: The black line parallel with ship's keel marked on the inner surface
of the bowl of a compass, indicating the compass direction of the ship's head.
 MARITIME TERMS

Manhole: An opening into a tank or compartment designed to

admit a man.
Manila: Rope made from the fibers of the abaca plant.
Marlinspike: Pointed iron implement used in separating the
strands of rope in splicing, marling, etc.

Master: A term for the captain, a holdover from the days when
the captain was literally, and legally, the "master" of the ship
and crew. His word was law.
Masthead light: The white running light carried by steam
vessel underway on the foremast or in the forepart of the vessel.
Masthead: The top part of the mast.
 MARITIME TERMS

Messenger: A light line used for hauling over a heavier rope or cable.

Monkey fist: A knot worked into the end of a heaving line (for weight).

Monkey island: A flying bridge on top of a pilothouse or chart house.

Mooring: Securing to a dock or to a buoy, or anchoring with two anchors.

Net tonnage: The cubical space available for carrying cargo and passengers.
.

Not under command: Said of a vessel when unable to maneuver.

Overtaking: Said of a vessel when she is passing or overtaking another vessel.
Pad eye: A metal eye permanently secured to a deck or bulkhead (for mooring any blocks
and tackle).

Painter: A short piece of rope secured in the bow of a small boat used for making her fast.
 MARITIME TERMS

Plimsoll mark: A figure marked on the side of merchant vessels to indicate allowed
loading depths.

Plug: A wooden wedge fitting into a drainage hole in the bottom of a boat for the
purpose of draining the boat when she is out of water.

Point: To taper the end of a rope; one of the 32 divisions of the compass card. To
head close to the wind.

Poop deck: A partial deck at the stern above the main deck, derived from the Latin
"puppio" for the sacred deck where the "pupi" or doll images of the deities were kept.

Port side: The left side of a vessel when looking forward.

Port: The left side of the ship.

Meridian - an imaginary line encircling the Earth which passes through the
poles and cuts at right angles through the Equator. All lines of longitude are
meridians.
Overall Length (LOA) - the boat's extreme length measured from the
foremost part of the bow to the aftermost part of the stern excluding bowsprit,
self-steering gear etc.
Painter - the bow line by which a dinghy, or tender is towed or made fast.

Pay out - to let a rope put gradually.

Port - the left hand side of the boat looking forward.
Position line/line of position - a line drawn on a chart as a result of taking a
bearing along which a boat's position must lie. Two position lines give a fix.
Pulpit - a metal guard rail fitted at the bows of a boat to provide safety for the
crew.
Quarter - the portion of the boat midway between the stern and th
 MARITIME TERMS

Pratique: A permit by the port doctor for an incoming vessel, being

clear of contagious disease, to have the liberty of the port.

Preventer: A rope used for additional support or for additional

securing, e.g., preventer stay.

Privileged vessel: One which has the right of way.

Prolonged blast: A blast of from 4 to 6 seconds' duration.

Quarantine: Restricted or prohibited intercourse due to
contagious disease.

Quarter: That portion of a vessel's side near the stern.

 MARITIME TERMS

Registry: The ship's certificate determining the ownership and nationality

of the vessel. Relieving tackle: A tackle of double and single blocks rove with
an endless line and used to relieve the strain on the steering engine in heavy
weather or emergency.

Rig: A general description of a vessel's upper: works; to fit out.

Rigging: A term applied to ship’s ropes generally.

Right: To return to a normal position, as a vessel righting after heeling over.

Rudder post: That part of a rudder by which it is pivoted to the sternpost.

 MARITIME TERMS

Range - (2) of tides, the difference between the high

and low water levels of a tide.
Range - (3) the distance at which a light can be
seen.
Reef - to reduce the sail area by folding or rolling
surplus material on the boom or forestay.
Rhumb line - a line cutting all meridians at the
same angle, the course followed by a boat sailing in a
fixed direction.
 MARITIME TERMS

Scuppers - holes in the toe rail which allow water to drain off
the deck.
Seacock - a valve which shuts off an underwater inlet or outlet
passing through the hull.
Sea room - room in which a boat can manoeuvre clear of land
or other dangers.
Securitay - Procedure word identifying a safety call.
Set - (3) the direction of a tidal current or stream.
Shackle - a metal link with a removable bolt across the open
end, of various shapes D, U
 MARITIME TERMS

Shrouds - ropes or wires usually in pairs, led from the mast to chain
plates at deck level to prevent the mast falling sideways, part of the
standing rigging.
SOLAS - Safety of Life at Sea.
Splice - to join ropes or wires by unlaying the strands and interweaving
them.
Stanchion - upright metal post bolted to the deck to support the guard
rails.
Starboard - right-hand side of the boat looking forward.
Stay - wire or rope which supports the mast in a fore-and-aft direction,
part of the standing rigging.
Steerage way - a boat has steerage way when it has sufficient speed to
allow it to be steered, or to answer the helm.
Sternway - the backward, stern-first movement of a boat.
 MARITIME TERMS

Scuppers: Openings in the side of a ship to carry off water

from the waterways or from the drains.
Scuttle: To sink a vessel by boring holes in her bottom or by
opening sea valves.
Sea anchor: A drag (drogue) thrown over to keep a vessel to
the wind and sea.
Sea going: Capable of going to sea.
Sea painter: A line leading from forward on the ship and
secured to a forward inboard thwart of the boat in such a way
as to permit quick release.
Seaworthy: Capable of putting to sea and able to meet sea
conditions.
 MARITIME TERMS

Semaphore: Flag signaling with the arms.

Shackle: A U-shaped piece of iron or steel with eyes in the end
closed by a shackle pin.
Shrouds: Side stays from the masthead to the rail..

Side lights: The red and green running lights, carried on the
port and starboard sides respectively, of vessels under-way.
Skids: Beams sometimes fitted over the decks for the stowage of
heavy boats or cargo.
Skipper: The captain.
Stem: The front-most part of the boat or ship’s bow is termed as
the Stem of the ship.
 MARITIME TERMS

Sound: To measure the depth of the water with a lead. Also said of
a whale when it dives to the bottom.
Span: A wire rope or line between davit heads.

Spanner: A tool for coupling hoses.

Spill: To empty the wind out of a sail.

Splice: The joining of two ends of a rope or ropes by so intertwining

the strands, as but slightly to increase the diameter of the rope.

Spring line: Usually of the best wire hawsers; one of the first lines
sent out in mooring. "Springs in and springs out" a vessel.
 MARITIME TERMS

Stack: The ship's funnel or smokestack.

Standing rigging: That part of the ship's rigging which is
permanently secured and not movable, such as stay, shrouds, etc.
Starboard The right side of the ship.
Station bill: The posted bill showing stations of the crew at
maneuvers and emergency drills.
Stay: A rope of hemp, wire or iron leading forward or aft for
supporting a mast.
Steering wheel: The wheel operating the steering gear and by
which the vessel is steered.
Stevedore: A professional cargo loader and unloader.
Stow: To put in place.
 MARITIME TERMS

Strake: A continuous planking or plating fitted out to

and from stem to stern of a vessel's side.
Strand: A number of yarns, twisted together and
which in turn may be twisted into rope; a rope is
stranded when a strain is broken; rope may be
designated by the number of strands composing.
Tender - or dinghy, a small boat used to ferry people
and supplies from a yacht to shore.
Tide - the vertical rise and fall of the oceans caused
principally by the gravitational attraction of the moon.
 MARITIME TERMS

Tender - or dinghy, a small boat used to ferry people and supplies from a
yacht to shore.
Tide - the vertical rise and fall of the oceans caused principally by the
gravitational attraction of the moon.
Topping lift - a line from the mast head to a spar normally the boom
which is used to raise it.
Track - (1) the course a boat has made good.
Trim - (1) to adjust the angle of the sails, by mean of sheets so that they
work most efficiently.
Trim - (2) to adjust the boats load and thus the fore-and-aft angle at which
it floats.
True wind - the direction and speed of the wind felt when stationary at
anchor or on land.
Turn buckle - used to tighten the standing rigging.
 MARITIME TERMS


Tanker: A ship designed to carry various types of liquid cargo,
from oil and gasoline to molasses, water, and vegetable oil.
Tarpaulin: Heavy canvas used as a covering.
Thimble: An iron ring with a groove on the outside for a rope
grommet or splice.
Length between Perpendiculars: The length between the
forward and aft perpendiculars is the length between
perpendiculars. The LBP is a very important parameter in all
stability calculations, hence calculation of the LBP at various
drafts becomes an important step in carrying out stability
analyses.
 MARITIME TERMS

Tricing line: A line used for suspending articles.

Trim: The angle to the horizontal at which a vessel rides.

Tripping line: A line used for capsizing the sea anchor and hauling it in.

Sheer: The upward curve formed by the main deck with reference to the
level of the deck at the midship, is called sheer. It is usually given to allow
flow of green water from the forward and aft ends to the midship and allow
drainage to the bilges.
Length of Waterline: The length of the ship’s hull at the summer load
line is the length of waterline for the ship. 
Length Overall: The length between the forward-most and aft-most point
of the ship’s hull is its overall length. This length plays a major role in
designing the docking and undocking plans of the ship. 
 MARITIME TERMS

Underway: Said of a vessel when not at anchor, nor made fast to the
shore, or aground.

Veer: To slack off or move off; also said of a change of direction of wind,
when the wind shifts to a different direction.
.
Wake: A vessel's track through the water.

Watch officer: An officer taking his turn as officer of the watch.

Waterline: The line painted on the side of the vessel at the water's edge to
indicate the proper trim.
Watertight: Capable of keeping out water.

Weather side: The windward

 MARITIME TERMS


White cap: The white froth on the crests of waves.
Wildcat: A sprocket wheel on the windlass for taking
links of the chain cable.
Winch: An engine for handling drafts of cargo secured
on deck and fitted with drums on a horizontal axle.
Windlass: An anchor engine used for heaving in the
chain cable and anchor.
Yaw: To steer wildly or out of line of course.
 MARITIME TERMS

Underway - a boat is underway when it is not made fast to the shore, at anchor or aground.
Veer - (1) the wind veers when it shifts in a clockwise direction.
Veer - (2) to pay out anchor cable or rope in a gradual controlled way.

VHF - Very High Frequency

VMG - Velocity Made Good

Wake - the disturbed water left astern of a boat.

Wavelength - distance between radio waves.

Weather side - the side of the boat on which the wind is blowing.

Winch - a winch is a mechanical device consisting usually of a metal drum turned by a handle
around which a line is wound to give the crew more purchasing power when hauling taut a line.
Windlass - a winch with a horizontal shaft and a vertical handle used to haul up your anchor
chain.
Windward - the direction from which the wind blows toward the wind (opposite to leeward).
 MARITIME TERMS

Block Coefficient: Block coefficient is the ratio of

the ship’s underwater volume to the volume of the
imaginary rectangle enclosing the underwater
portion of the hull. Since the length, breadth, and
height of this enclosing rectangle would be the length
between perpendiculars, Maximum Beam, and Draft
of the ship, the block coefficient is expressed as
follows:
Cb = Volume Displacement of the ship
 LBP x Max. Beam x Draft
 MARITIME TERMS

A passenger ship is a ship which carries more than twelve passengers. (SOLAS I/2)
Bulk carrier means a ship which is constructed generally with single deck, top-side
tanks and hopper side tanks in cargo spaces, and is intended primarily to carry dry
cargo in bulk, and includes such types as ore carriers and combination carriers.
(SOLAS IX/1.6)
Bulk carrier means a ship which is intended primarily to carry dry cargo in bulk,
including such types as ore carriers and combination carriers. (SOLAS XII/1.1)
Oil tanker means a ship constructed or adapted primarily to carry oil in bulk in its
cargo spaces and includes combination carriers, any "NLS tanker" as defined in
Annex II of the present Convention and any gas carrier as defined in regulation 3.20
of chapter II-1 of SOLAS 74 (as amended), when carrying a cargo or part cargo of oil
in bulk. (MARPOL Annex I reg. 1.5)
General cargo ship: A ship with a multi-deck or single-deck hull designed
primarily for the carriage of general cargo. (MEPC.1/Circ.681 Annex)
High-speed craft is a craft capable of travelling at high speed. (SOLAS X/1.2, HSC
Code 2000 para 1.4.30)
 MARITIME TERMS

Strake - a single line of planking or metal plating extending along the

hull of a ship or boat from stem to stern.
Shell strake - a strake running the length of the hull of a ship.
Frame Spacing –is the fore-and-aft distance between the heels of two
consecutive frames of a ship.
Keel Strake is also made up of smaller sections of the steel plates.
These strake of plates that form the keel of the ship.
Gutter is the space between two frames.
Sheer strake is the topmost strake of the Side shell plating. It is usually
of higher thickness and strength than other strakes.
Stringer strake -a strake of plating secured to the deck beams along
the outer edge of a ship's deck in order to connect the beams to the
side of the ship and to each other.
 MARITIME TERMS

Margin Plate is the outboard strake of the inner bottom and

when turned down at the bilge the margin plate (or girder)
forms the outer boundary of the double bottom. 
Tumblehome is a term describing a hull which grows narrower
above the waterline than its beam. 
Flare is the angle at which a ship's hull plate or planking departs
from the vertical in an outward direction with increasing height.
Deadrise is a measurement of the degree of angle between two
surfaces and the amount of angle that forms between the boat
bottom and a horizontal plane on either side of center keel.
Camber is a transverse curvature of the ships deck from the
centerline downwards to the side. 
 MARITIME KNOWLEDGE

Q. A point midway between the aft and forward perpendiculars is called ______
Draft
Amidship
Depth of hold
length between perpendiculars

Q. What do you call the space or compartment where members of the crew eat their meal?
Crew Dayroom
Galley
Mess room
Officers lounge

Q. What is the uppermost complete deck having permanent means of closing all opening in its weather portion?
Freeboard deck
Length overall
Amidship
Gunwale

Q. Which space below deck is designated for the stowage of cargo?

Cargo room
Storage room
Cargo hold
Compartment
 MARITIME KNOWLEDGE

5. Q. Which is the backbone of the ship?

Keel
Back keel
Bilge keel
Flat plane keel

Q. What part of the ship is used to steer the ship to the port or starboard?

Propeller
Screw
Rudder
Shaft

Q. Which term is applied to the space between the inner and outer bottom skin of a vessel?
Bulwark
Bilge keel
Double bottom
Tween deck
 MARITIME KNOWLEDGE

Q. What do you call the vertical partition separating compartments and spaces?
Beam
Hull
Keel
Bulkhead

Q. What do you call the main body of a ship?

Bulwark
Keel
Hull
Frame

Q. Which compartment contains all the propelling machinery and the power plant of the ship?
Machinery space
Cofferdam
Main engine
Void space
Q. Which are used primarily to provide structural strength, shelter, cargo, stowage, working spaces, and a living quarter?

Girders
Pillars
Deck
Frames
 MARITIME KNOWLEDGE

Q. What part of the deck is above the main deck where the stern is located?
answer choices
Main deck
Forecastle Deck
Quarter deck
Poopdeck

Q. What is the function of the bilge keel?

Adds strength to keel

Reduce the rolling of the ship
Add strength to the main structural members
Acts as a bumper when a vessel is docking

Q. A swinging flat frame hung to the sternpost of a vessel by which the ship is steered is called ________
propeller
propeller shaft
rudder
rudder post
 MARITIME KNOWLEDGE
Q. The bulbous bow is fitted in an attempt to _______
make good stability
reduce ship’s resistance
run faster
increase ship’s resistance
Q. Which part of the ship is used to move the vessel forward or astern?

Propeller
Screw
Rudder
Bow thruster

Q. Which tank is used to hold water for ballast or the storage of bunker oil?
Bilge
Ballast tank
Stop tank
Double bottom tank

Q. The vertical plate structure around a hatchway which supports the hatch cover is the ______
answer choices
Cargo holds
Cargo whip
Hatch coaming
Hatch side
 MARITIME KNOWLEDGE
Q. Which framing system is used to subdivide the ship into independent compartments to limit the extent of flooding?
Girders
Bulwark
Bulkheads
Pillars

Q. The deck department is in charge of ______

ships operation and navigation
supply of water, air, and electricity
entertainment
emergency

Q. Who is in charge of the maintenance of the safety equipment onboard ship?

Chief officer
Boatswain
Third Officer
Second Officer

Q. Who is the primary responsible for the safe navigation, care and delivery of the cargo, and the life and safety of all
crew onboard?
Chief officer
Second Officer
Third Officer
Master
 MARITIME KNOWLEDGE
Q. Who is at the top of the shipboard organization?
Manning agent
Master
Owner
Superintendent

Q. Who supervises all bunker operations on board ship?

Master
Chief Officer
Second Engineer
Chief Engineer

Q. Who is the Deck Officer in charge of updating nautical charts, light list, sailing direction, and other publications
onboard a vessel?
Master
Chief Officer
Second Officer
Third Officer
Q. Which of the following is prepared by the Deck department before leaving port?
Engine trial
Filling of compress air for steering
Measurement of quantities of fuel
Trial running of steering gear
 BASIC SEAMANSHIP
Q. Which statement is TRUE regarding the duties and responsibilities of the Chief Officer?

Head of the catering department

In charge of all cargo handling and mooring equipment on deck
Personally supervise all bunker operations
Has the authority and discretion in managing the ship

Q. Who is responsible for the safe and efficient operation of ships including cargo operations, navigation, crew
management, and ensuring that the vessel complies with local and international laws as well as company and flag
state policies?

Captain
Chief Engineer
Chief Officer
Chief Steward

Q. Who oversees daily routine operations of the engine room and communicate to the office between department
on ship and within his department?

Chief Engineer
First Engineer
Second Engineer
Third engineer
 MARITIME KNOWLEDGE

 Q. Who is customarily a 4 to 8 watchstander at sea and in charge of the ship`s cargo and deck crew?
 Chief Engineer
 Chief Officer
 First engineer
 Second Officer
 Q. Who motivates the crew in the observation of safety management system policy?
 Master in charge of the ship
 Designated Person
 Ship Manager
 Superintendent of the ship
 Q. Who is the damage control officer and on-scene leader in an emergency situation?
 Master
 Chief Mate
 Chief Engineer
 1st Engineer
 Q. Who supervises the unlicensed Deck personnel in the sanitation and maintenance of deck
department spaces, decks, tools, equipment, and associated gear?
 Chief Mate
 Second Mate
 Third Mate
 Bosun
 MARITIME KNOWLEDGE

Q. Who is a senior crewman of the deck department responsible for the safe operation and maintenance of
the ship`s rigging, shipboard cargo handling equipment, and hull components?

Able Bodied Seaman

Boatswain (Bosun)
No. 1 Able Bodied Seaman
Quarter Master

Q. Who reviews the safety management system of a merchant ship and reporting its deficiencies to the
shore-base management?

Master in charge of the Ship

Designated Person
Ship Manager
Superintendent of the ship

Q. Who has the overriding authority on board a merchant ship as provisioned in SOLAS 1974 as amended?

Master in charge of the Ship

Designated Person
Ship Manager
Superintendent of the ship
 MARITIME KNOWLEDGE

Q. Who is the damage control officer and on-scene leader in an emergency situation?
Master
Chief Mate
Chief Engineer
1st Engineer

Q. You are bound from port A governed by the summer load line mark to port B also governed by summer
load line. The great circle track will take you into a zone governed by a winter mark. Which statement is
TRUE?
You cannot load beyond the summer mark at port A and must be at the winter mark upon arrival at port B
You can only load to the winter mark plus any freshwater allowance and burn out to the sea at port A
you must be at the winter mark when you enter the winter zone and cannot exceed the summer mark after departing port
A
you can load so that upon arrival at the pier at port B your freeboard is equal to the summer mark less any freshwater
allowance

Q. Which knot is suitable for hoisting an unconscious person?

Eight-knot
Bowline on a bight
French bowline
Spanish bowline
 MARITIME KNOWLEDGE

Q. What machine is used for tightening mooring ropes?

Winch
Windlass
Crane
Davit

Q. Which of the following is the backbone of the ship?

Keel
Ship’s bottom
Bilge keel
Framing system

Q. You would properly secure a gantline to a bosun's chair with a _____

Double sheet bend

Double Blackwall hitch
Fisherman's bend
Bowline
 MARITIME KNOWLEDGE

Q. To belay a line means to _____

Coil it down
Heave it taut
Stow it below
Secure it to a cleat

Q. Anchors are prevented from running out when secured by the _____

I. brake
II. devil's claw
I only
II only
Both I and II
Neither I nor I

Q. The part of an anchor that takes hold on the bottom is the _____

Arm
Crown
Stock
Fluke
 COLLISION REGULATIONS

Technical provisions

The COLREGs include 41 rules divided into six sections:
Part A - General;
Part B - Steering and Sailing;
Part C - Lights and Shapes;
Part D - Sound and Light signals;  
Part E - Exemptions;  
Part F - Verification of compliance with the provisions of the Convention.
There are also four Annexes containing technical requirements
concerning lights and shapes and their positioning; sound signalling
appliances; additional signals for fishing vessels when operating in close
proximity, and international distress signals.
 COLLISION REGULATIONS

 Part F - Verification of compliance with the provisions of the Convention

The Rules, adopted in 2013,  bring in the requirements for compulsory audit of Parties to
the Convention.  
 Rule 39 provides definitions.
 Rule 40  says that Contracting Parties shall use the provisions of the Code for
Implementation in the execution of their obligations and responsibilities contained in the
present Convention.
Rule 41 on Verification of compliance says that every Contracting Party is subject to
periodic audits by IMO.  

 Annexes
The COLREGs include four annexes:
Annex I - Positioning and technical details of lights and shapes
  Annex II - Additional signals for fishing vessels fishing in close proximity
  Annex III - Technical details of sounds signal appliances
  Annex IV - Distress signals, which lists the signals indicating distress and need of
assistance.
 COLLISION REGULATIONS

 A bearing is taken of an approaching vessel and shortly afterwards another

observation is made of the same vessel. The bearing is changing slowly, but
under what circumstances (as defined in the Rules) could there still be a risk
of a collision in this situation?
  When approaching a very large vessel.
  When approaching a vessel at close range.
  When approaching a vessel engaged in towing. A power driven vessel is
sighted coming towards own ship from 45° on the port side and the bearing is
not changing and it is getting closer and appears to be taking no action. You
have sounded five or more short and rapid blasts and it still appears to be
taking no action. As “stand-on” vessel can you take action under the rules at
this time?
  Your vessel may take action to avoid collision by her manoeuvre alone, as soon as it
becomes apparent to you, that the vessel required to keep out of the way is not taking
appropriate action. 
 Monitor the situation. 
 COLLISION REGULATIONS

A power driven vessel is sighted coming towards own ship from 45°
on the port side at a distance of 5 nautical miles and the bearing is
not changing. What is the initial action you should take?
There is a risk of close quarter situation, but the other ship is
the “give way” ship, so I should maintain my course and speed, but
monitor the situation. 
A power driven vessel is sighted coming towards own ship from 45°
on the port side at a distance of 2 nautical miles and the bearing is
still not changing. What is the first action you should take?

There is a close quarter situation developing and the other vessel is

not keeping clear therefore I would sound at least 5 short and rapid
blasts to indicate my concern and
 COLLISION REGULATIONS

A power driven vessel sees the two masthead lights in line and both side lights of another
power driven vessel 15° on her starboard bow. Should the vessel assume this is a “head-
on” situation and expect both vessels to alter to starboard?
No, it is a crossing vessel and not a head-on situation. 

A vessel is observed approaching from the port side showing two black balls. A series of
bearings indicate, that a close quarter situation is likely to occur. As Officer of the Watch,
indicate what action should be taken within the meaning of the Rules:
Take early and substantial action to keep well clear. 

A vessel is observed approaching from the port side showing two red lights and also a green
side light. A series of bearings indicate, that a close quarter situation is likely to occur. As
Officer of the Watch, indicate what action should be taken within the meaning of the Rules:
 Take early and substantial action to keep well clear. 

A vessel is proceeding along a narrow channel and hears the following signal: “two long
blasts and two short blasts on a whistle” from astern. How should the vessel respond?
The response should be one long, one short, one long and one short blast on the whistle, if in agreement to
be overtaken.
 COLLISION REGULATIONS

A vessel is seen showing a black ball in the fore part of the vessel.
What does this day time signal indicate?  
It is a ship at anchor. 
A vessel is seen showing a rigid replica of international code flag
What does this day time signal indicate?
The flag is a signal shown by certain vessels involved in a diving operation. 
A vessel is seen showing a white light in the fore part of the
vessel. What does this night time signal indicate?  
It is a ship at anchor, under 50 metres in length. 
A vessel is seen showing three black balls in a triangle at the
head of the fore mast of the vessel, and another single black ball
forward. What does this day time signal indicate?
A ship involved in mine clearance operation at anchor. 
 COLLISION REGULATIONS

 A vessel is seen showing three black balls. What does this day
time signal indicate?  
 It is the signal for a ship, that has run aground. 
  A vessel is seen showing three green lights in a triangle at the
head of the fore mast of the vessel, and another single white
light forward. What does this night time signal indicate?
 A ship involved in mine clearance operation at anchor. 
 A vessel is seen showing three lights in a vertical line; the top
and bottom ones are red and the middle one is white in the
fore part of the vessel. What does this night time signal
indicate?
 It is a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre, underway but not
making way
 COLLISION REGULATIONS

A vessel is seen showing three shapes in a vertical line; the top and
bottom ones are black balls and the middle one is a black diamond in
the fore part of the vessel. What does this day time signal indicate?
It is a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre. 
A vessel is seen showing two black balls on one side; two black
diamonds on “the other side of the vessel and also three shapes in a
vertical line, the upper” and lower black balls and the middle one a
diamond. What does this day time signal indicate?
It is a vessel engaged in dredging or underwater operations, which is restricted its
ability manoeuvre – showing the side, where the obstruction exists and the side it is
safe to pass. 
A vessel is seen showing two black balls on one side; two black
diamonds on the other side of the vessel and also three shapes in a
vertical line, the upper and lower black balls and the middle one a
diamond. Which is the correct side to pass this vessel?
The side, which displays the two diamond shapes is the side it is safe to pass. 
 COLLISION REGULATIONS

A vessel is seen showing two black cones points together

and another cone point upwards on one side of the vessel.
What does this day time signal indicate?  
It is a vessel engaged in fishing (other than trawling) where outlying
gear extends more than 150 metres horizontally from the vessel. 
A vessel is seen showing two black cones points together.
What does this day time signal indicate?
It is a vessel engaged in any type of fishing.
A vessel is seen showing two red lights in a vertical line
and also a white light forward and another white light aft.
What does this night time signal indicate?
It is the signal for a ship that has run aground. 
 COLLISION REGULATIONS

A vessel is seen showing two red lights on one side; two green
lights on the other side of the vessel and also three lights in a
vertical line, the upper and lower red and the middle one
white. What does this night time signal indicate?  
It is a vessel engaged in dredging or underwater operations which is
restricted in its ability to manoeuvre, showing the side where the
obstruction exists and the side it is safe to pass – under way but not
making way.
Are there any particular rules for sailing vessels and vessels
less, than 20 metres in length, when they are proceeding in a
narrow channel?
They should not impede the passage of a vessel, that can only safely
navigate within a narrow channel of fairway.
 COLLISION REGULATIONS

 As Officer of the Watch you sight another power driven vessel on the port
side approaching your vessel on a collision course. Which of the following
answers is the correct action under the Rules if the other vessel appears to be
taking no action to avoid a close quarter situation?
 You give a signal to the approaching vessel consisting of, at least five short and rapid
blasts combined with a light signal and keep monitoring the situation. 
 As Officer of the Watch you sight another power driven vessel on the port
side approaching your vessel on a collision course. Which is the correct
initial responsibility under the Rules?
 Your vessel should maintain its speed and course. 

 As Officer of the Watch you sight another power driven vessel on the
starboard side approaching your vessel on a collision course. Which of the
following answers is the correct initial action to be taken under the Rules?
 Take early and substantial action to keep well clear
  
 COLLISION REGULATIONS

As Officer of the Watch of a power driven vessel, what

should you take into consideration when entering a narrow
channel?  
Proceed at a safe speed, keeping to the starboard side of the fairway.
Could any of the following vessels be considered
as “constrained by her draught” when the vessel is
navigating in a wide channel?  
A vessel with draught of 8 metres in the channel where depth of
water is 12 metres. 
What is the clearance distance required by a ship when
navigating in the vicinity of a vessel engaged in a mine
clearance operation
1 000 metres. 
 COLLISION REGULATIONS

How should a vessel cross a Traffic

Separation Scheme?
Should cross with a heading as near to right angles to
the general direction of traffic flow. 
If two power driven vessel are crossing in
clear visibility so as to be involved in a
possible collision, which vessel has to keep
out of the way of the other?
The vessel, which has the other on her own starboard
side shall keep out of the way. 
 COLLISION REGULATIONS

The Rules clearly define the term “underway” and some, or all,

of the following vessels comply with that definition. Which if
any would not be considered as “underway”?
Vessel lying at anchor. 
The Officer of the Watch is suspicious of the range of visibility,
when sailing in open water. At what distance would the first
visual sighting of another vessel be considered “Restricted
Visibility” under these Rules?  
The range of visibility representing “Restricted Visibility” is partly
dependant on the size and manoeuvrability of the vessels. 

The two white mast head lights of a vessel are seen by another
ship, what is the length of this vessel?
Any length – the length is unknown. 
 COLLISION REGULATIONS

The visibility is about one mile and as Officer of the Watch you
visually see a vessel dead ahead on a reciprocal course coming out
of the fog towards you. What should be the action to take?  
Give one short blast and make a substantial alteration of course to starboard.
Two ships are seen close to each other and both are showing a
black diamond in the fore part of the vessel. What does this day
time signal indicate?
One ship is towing the other and the length of the tow is more, than
200 metres. 
Under what circumstances should a vessel consider itself to be an
overtaking vessel within the meaning of the Rules?  
A vessel is overtaking when coming up with another vessel from a direction
more, than 22,5° abaft her beam or, if in any doubt she shall assume, that she
is. 
 COLLISION REGULATIONS

What action is required by the “stand-on” vessel

under these rules?  
The stand-on vessel must maintain her course and speed, but
continually monitor the other vessel.
What fog signal should be sounded by a power driven
vessel underway and making way through the water,
when in reduced visibility?  
One long blast on the whistle every two minutes. 
What fog signal should be sounded by a power driven
vessel underway, but stopped and making no way
through the water, when in reduced visibility?
Two long blasts on the whistle every two minutes. 
 COLLISION REGULATIONS

What are the four 4 annexes of Collision

Regulations?
Annex I - Positioning and technical details of lights
and shapes.
Annex II - Additional signals for fishing vessels
fishing in close proximity.
Annex III - Technical details of sounds signal
appliances.
Annex IV - Distress signals, which lists the signals
indicating distress and need of assistance.
 COLLISION REGULATIONS

You are approaching a port when you see three flashing red lights in a
vertical line at the entrance. What does this indicate?
Serious emergency – all vessels to stop or divert according to instructions
 
What is the fog signal for a vessel which is engaged in towing?
 One long blast followed by two short blasts at intervals of not more than two minutes.
 
What is the fog signal for vessel of more than 100 meters in length when at
anchor?
A rapid ringing of the bell forward followed by the gong aft for about 5 seconds at
intervals of not more than 1 minute.
 
What is the fog signal for a vessel which is not under command ?
One prolonged blast followed by two short blasts at intervals of not more than two
minutes.
 COLLISION REGULATIONS

The rules concerning lights shall be complied:

 With in all weathers from sunset to sunrise. During
daytime ________.
 NAVIGATION

Terrestrial Navigation-is the method of navigation

in which the position is determined through terrestrial
objects/landmarks such as headlands, buoys,
lighthouses, or any objects on the surface of the earth.
Terrestrial navigation comprises dead reckoning,
visual navigation, and some other generic posi- tion
fixing techniques. These methods are applied in land,
maritime, and aeronautic applications.
Dead reckoning (DR) means relative positioning with
respect to previ- ous positions.
 NAVIGATION

Coastal Navigation is a navigational method

concerning the vessel's movement in relation to the
approximate shore, the visible objects in the sea
(islets, rocks, buoys, light vessels) and the sea
depths.
Celestial Navigation is the determination of a
ship's position by celestial observations or by
terrestrial observation of landmarks or aids to
navigation, or some combination of each.
 NAVIGATION

E-navigation as "the harmonized collection,

integration, exchange, presentation and analysis of
marine information on board and ashore by electronic
means to enhance berth to berth navigation and
related services for safety and security at sea and
protection of the marine environment.“

Radar. Automatic Radar Plotting Aids

(ARPA). Automatic identification system
(AIS).
 NAVIGATION

Terrestrial coordinate systems are earth fixed

and rotate with the earth.
They are used to define the coordinates of points on
the surface of the earth. There are two kinds of
terrestrial systems called geocentric systems and
topocentric systems.
 NAVIGATION

What are the main coordinates of the

terrestrial sphere?
The terrestrial sphere has the coordinates of latitude
and longitude, while the celestial sphere uses
Greenwich Hour Angle (GHA) and Declination.
NAVIGATION
 NAVIGATION

Great Circle - is a Circle on the surface of a sphere

whose plane passes through the center of the sphere.
 A Great Circle divides the sphere into two identical
parts, each called as Hemisphere.
NAVIGATION
 NAVIGATION

Small Circle is a circle on a surface of a sphere,

whose plane doesn’t pass through the center of the
sphere.
Spherical Triangle is a figure formed on the
sphere ( earth ) by three great circle arcs, all less than
180 degree. The sum of the angle is not fixed but
always greater than 180 degree, 
 NAVIGATION

Equator is an imaginary circumferential line on the

Earth’s surface equidistant from the true north and
true south poles, dividing the earth into the northern
and southern hemispheres.
Meridians is the half of a great circle drawn on the
surface of the earth from the north pole to south
pole. 
 A meridian is also called a line of longitude and is
half of a great circle. 
NAVIGATION
 NAVIGATION

Latitude is one of the two co-ordinate used to indicate the position

of a person, or ship. It is measured from 0 to 90 degrees from equator
to poles  named North and South.

Parallel of Latitude is a circle on the surface of the Earth parallel

to the equator, connecting points are of equal latitude.

Difference of Latitude is the shorter arc of any meridian between

the parallels of two places.

The difference in latitude or “d. lat” between two places is the

angular distance between the parallels of latitude passing
through each place.
 NAVIGATION

How to name D. Lat

If the ship sails from a low to a higher latitude,the

DLAT must be name after the latitude in.
When she sails from higher to lower latitude,the
DLAT must be of different name of latitude in.
 NAVIGATION

Longitude is one of the two coordinates of a place.

 It can be defined as measure of the arc of the equator
contained between the prime meridian and the meridian
passing through that place.
 It is named East or West.
 A value of longitude cannot be more that 180 degree.

Prime Meridian is the earth's zero of longitude, which

by convention passes through Greenwich, England.
 
NAVIGATION
 NAVIGATION

Course is the direction in which a vessel is steered

or intended to be steered
Bearing is the horizontal direction of one terrestrial
point from another
True course. The direction in which the ship
moves in still water is the direction of its fore-and-aft
line. The angle between the fore and aft line and the
meridian running through the ship’s position is
called her true course. The bearing of the ship’s head
is the same as her course.
 NAVIGATION

Can voyage planning be executed on ECDIS ?

A) Only if approved by the flag state
What is important to check when transferring a position
from GPS to a chart?
A) Ensure that the chart and the GPS use same datum
 When using a buoy as an aid to navigation, what do we
always need to considered?
A) The buoy may not be in its charted position
When taking a compass error by amplitude in the higher
latitudes when is the best time to take the bearing?
A) The best time is to calculate the time of the sunset and then
take the bearing
 NAVIGATION

In celestial navigation the angle measured

westward from the first point of aries to the
hour circle of the body along the celestial
equator is known as what ?
A)  Sidereal hour angle
What kind of information can be achieved
from a NAVTEX?
A) Navigational warning
 NAVIGATION

Which describes the result when you turn on the fast

time constant (differentiator) control of a radar?
• Reduced clutter over the entire PPI by shortening the echoes
The error in a sextant altitude caused by refraction is
greatest when the celestial body is in which location?
Near the horizon
The true course between two points is 057°. Your
gyrocompass has an error of 3° east and you make an
allowance of 1° leeway for a north-northwest wind.
Which gyro course should be steered to make the true
course good? •
053°pgc
 NAVIGATION

What is NOT an advantage of the rhumb line track

over a great circle track?
Plots as a straight line on Lambert conformal charts
A chart with a scale of 1:80,000 would fall into
which category?
Coastal charts
Which statement concerning current is TRUE?
• The drift of the current should be averaged out on a one
hour basis.
What is a nonadjustable error of the sextant?
• Prismatic error
 CELESTIAL NAVIGATION

Celestial Sphere
The celestial sphere is an imaginary sphere where all
the objects in the heavens are projected.
CELESTIAL NAVIGATION
CELESTIAL NAVIGATION
CELESTIAL NAVIGATION
 CELESTIAL NAVIGATION

Right Ascension and Declination

In the celestial coordinate system the North
and South Celestial Poles are determined by
projecting the rotation axis of the Earth to
intersect the celestial sphere, which in turn
defines a Celestial Equator.
The celestial equivalent of latitude is
called declination and is measured in
degrees North (positive numbers) or South
(negative numbers) of the Celestial Equator.
 CELESTIAL NAVIGATION

The celestial equivalent of longitude is

called right ascension.
Right ascension can be measured in degrees,
but for historical reasons it is more common
to measure it in time (hours, minutes,
seconds): the sky turns 360 degrees in 24
hours and therefore it must turn 15 degrees
every hour; thus, 1 hour of right ascension is
equivalent to 15 degrees of (apparent) sky
rotation.
 CELESTIAL NAVIGATION

Equinoxes and Solstices

The zero point for celestial longitude (that is, for right
ascension) is the Vernal Equinox, which is that intersection
of the ecliptic and the celestial equator near where the Sun
is located in the Northern Hemisphere Spring.
The other intersection of the Celestial Equator and the
Ecliptic is termed the Autumnal Equinox.

When the Sun is at one of the equinoxes the lengths of day

and night are equivalent (equinox derives from a root
meaning "equal night").
The time of the Vernal Equinox is typically about March 21
and of the Autumnal Equinox about September 22.
 CELESTIAL NAVIGATION

The point on the ecliptic where the Sun is

most north of the celestial equator is termed
the Summer Solstice and the point where it is
most south of the celestial equator is termed
the Winter Solstice.
In the Northern Hemisphere the hours of
daylight are longest when the Sun is near the
Summer Solstice (around June 22) and
shortest when the Sun is near the Winter
Solstice (around December 22).
 CELESTIAL NAVIGATION

The opposite is true in the Southern

Hemisphere. The term solstice derives from
a root that means to "stand still"; at the
solstices the Sun reaches its most northern or
most southern position in the sky and begins
to move back toward the celestial equator.
Thus, it "stands still" with respect to its
apparent North-South drift on the celestial
sphere at that time.
CELESTIAL NAVIGATION
 CELESTIAL NAVIGATION

The horizontal coordinate system uses the

observer’s horizon as a reference, and measures an
object’s altitude (height above the horizon) and 
azimuth (angular distance from due north
measured eastwards).
Unlike the equatorial coordinate system, the position
of each object depends on the location of the
observer and the time of the observation.
This coordinate system is commonly used in 
telescope design and construction.
 CELESTIAL NAVIGATION

The hour angle is the angular displacement of

the sun east or west of the local meridian due
to rotation of the earth on its axis at 15° per
hour with morning being negative and
afternoon being positive. 
CELESTIAL NAVIGATION
 CARGO HANDLING AND STOWAGE

The International Maritime Dangerous Code

(IMDG) was developed international code for
dangerous goods in a way to
Transport
The objective of IMDG Code is to:
Enhance the safe transport
The implementation of the code is mandatory in
conjunction with the obligation of the member of
United Nation government under the following
organization.
SOLAS
 CARGO HANDLING AND STOWAGE

The implementation of the code is mandatory in

conjunction with the obligations of the members of United
Nations government under the following organization.
MARPOL
The IMDG Code is based on internationally agreed system
which contains the Dangerous Goods which are appropriate
strength which will prevent the goods escaping.
Dangerous Goods in Packaging
The IMDG Code is based on and required standard
regulation regarding the following;
Standard Documentation
 CARGO HANDLING AND STOWAGE

The central core of the IMDG & represents information in transport

requirements in coded form known as?
Dangerous Good List
How many IMDG Codes Dangerous Goods are classified?
9
Carrying solid bulk cargoes involves serious risks, which must be
managed carefully to safeguard the crew and ships. These risks
include:
Reduced Ship Stability
Under International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargo (MBSBC) Code
involves serious risks to the vessel and crew. These
risks include;
Capsizing due to liquefaction.
 CARGO HANDLING AND STOWAGE

A ship constructed with a single deck, top side tanks & hopper
side tanks in cargo spaces & intended to primarily carry dry
cargo in bulk, an ore carrier, a combination carrier.
Bulk carrier
International Grain Code one of the terms regarding the volume
per unit weight of the cargo is attested by the loading facility.
Stowage Factor
Terms that describe goods having a stowage factor below 40.
Deadweight Cargo
A cargo that has a stowage factor more that 40.
Measurement cargo
 CARGO HANDLING AND STOWAGE

The Loading Terminal must be prepared to stop operation if the Officer-

in-charge of the ship is concerned about limitations from the equal plan.
Damage due to high loading rates
Damage to the cargo space during cargo operations due to the following
reasons;
Rust Damage
Damage to the cargo space during cargo operations, heavy cargo poured
into the cargo space at one end of the hold fill up.
Asymmetric Cargo
Damaged occurring on shore the greatest, vigilance by the ships officer
is necessary. incoming cargo should be
carefully scrutinized which is the best done on the dock.
Pilferage
 CARGO HANDLING AND STOWAGE

Caused by the slight movement of packages against

each other, sharp protections or rough surface as the
ship moves in a seaway,
Chafe
These guidelines is to ensure that an appropriate
level of review of plans & documents is conducted
and consistency in application attained.
Draft