FINAL

S
Prepared by :
Frederick A. Manzo

PAGE 1
 Measures of Relative Position

QUARTILES, DECILES, PERCENTILES

TOPI
CS
STATEMENT/ PROPOSITION

LOGICAL CONNECTIVES

QUANTIFIERS AND NEGATION

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 MODULAR ARITHMETIC

ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS MODULO n

TOPI
CS
SOLVING CONGRUENCE EQUATIONS

ADDITIVE AND MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSES IN

MODULAR ARITHMETIC

COMPUTING THE DAY OF THE WEEK

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Measure
s of
Relative
Position

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Measure
s of
Relative
Position

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 Formula for

QUARTILE
Quartile:
Qk =

 Quartile - divide the set of scores into

four.
S,
Formula for
DECILES,
PERCENTI
Decile:
Dk =

 Decile - divide the set of scores into

ten.
LES
Formula for
Percentile:
Pk =

 Percentile - divide the set of scores into PAGE 6

 One of the first mathematicians to make a
serious study of symbolic logic was Gottfried
Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716). Leibniz tried to
advance the study of logic from a merely
philosophical subject to a formal mathematical STATEMEN
subject. Leibniz never completely achieved this
goal; however several mathematicians, such as
T/
Augustus De Morgan (1806- 1871) and George PROPOSITI
Boole (1815- 1864), contributed to the
advancement of symbolic logic as a mathematical ON
discipline.

PAGE 7
 Logic
Logic is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. It helps us
identify the faults and errors in our thinking and helps us think of logical
and wise choices and solutions to our problems. Logic helps us
determine the validity of our arguments. Studying logic will improve our
critical thinking skills.

Mathematical Logic STATEMEN

There is a close connection between logic and mathematics. This field
explores the applications of logic to Mathematics. It studies the formal T/
features of arguments and inference represented by symbolic
abstractions. PROPOSITI
Statement or Proposition
ON
A statement also known as proposition is a declarative sentence that is
either
true or false, but NOT both true and false.

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 Examples:
Determine which of the following are propositions and which are
not.

1. Seoul is the capital of the South Korea.

2. Anna is talented and beautiful.
3. Where did you go? STATEMEN
4. What happen to you?
5. Wash the dishes. T/
6. 5 + 5 = 10
7. The MIMAROPA Meet will held in Romblon in the year 2023. PROPOSITI
8. Batangas City is the capital of Batangas.
9. y > 10 if y is 5 ON
10. x² = 25

Remember:
If a proposition is true, then we say its truth value is true, and if a proposition is false, we
say its truth value is false.

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 Mathematical statements may be joined by
logical connectives which are used to combine
simple propositions to form compound statements.

Simple Statements and Compound LOGICAL

Statements
CONNECTIV
A simple statement is a statement is a statement that conveys a
single idea.
A compound statement is a statement that conveys two or more
ES
ideas

Let p , q and r represent propositions.

p: Today is Friday.
q: it is an exam day
r. I am ready for the test.
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LOGICAL
CONNECTIV
ES

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 LOGICAL
CONNECTIV
ES

Note: Other books on mathematical logic use the symbol ¬ for negation. The
symbols
~ and ¬ are the same. For clarity and consistency, this module will use the
symbol ~.

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 Truth Value and Truth Tables

The truth value of a simple statement is either

true (T) or false (F).
The truth value of a compound statement
depends on the truth values of its simple
statements and its connectives.
Truth Value
and Truth
The truth table is a table that shows the truth
value of a compound statement for all possible
Tables
truth values if its simple statements.

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Truth Value
and Truth
Tables

PAGE 14
 Truth table is a table that shows the
truth value of a compound statement
depending on the truth values of its
simple statements.

Negation – the truth value of negation is always the

reverse of the truth value of the original statement.
CONSTRUCTI
NG TABLES
p ~p

T F
F T
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2. Conjunction – true only when both p and q are true, otherwise, it is
false
p q p^q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
CONSTRUCTI
3. Disjunction – false only when both p and q are false, otherwise it is
true
NG TABLES
p q pvq
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
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4. Conditional – false only when p is true and q is false.

p q p q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
CONSTRUCTI
3. Biconditional – true only when both p and q have the same truth
values
NG TABLES
p q p q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
PAGE 17
Determine the Truth Value of a statement
a. 7≥5
b. 5 is whole number and 5 is an even number. CONSTRUCTI
c. 2 is a prime number and 2 is an even number. NG TABLES

PAGE 18
 Classes of Compound Statements

1. Tautology – all truth value on the last column of the truth table are
all true
p ~p pv~q
T F T

CONSTRUCTI
F T T

2. Contradiction – all truth value on the last column of the truth table
are all false. NG TABLES
p ~p pv~q
T F F
F T F

PAGE 19
 Classes of Compound Statements

3. Contingency – neither tautology of contradiction

p ~p pv~q
T F F

CONSTRUCTI
F T T

NG TABLES

PAGE 20
 Classes of Compound Statements

Examples:

1.Is ~h ⇒h is a tautology?

2. Show that p⇒(p∨q) is a tautology.

CONSTRUCTI
NG TABLES
3.Find if  ~A∧B ⇒ ~(A∨B) is a
tautology or not.

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In a statement, the word some and the phrases there
exists and at least one are called existential
quantifiers are used as prefixes to assert the
existence of something

QUANTIFIER
In a statement, the words none, no, all, and every are S AND
called universal quantifiers. The universal NEGATION
quantifiers none and no deny the existence of
something, whereas the universal quantifiers all and
every are used to assert that every element of a given
set satisfies some condition.

PAGE 22
 Quantified Statements and Their Negations

Statement Negation
All X are Y. Some X are not Y.
No X are Y. Some X are Y. QUANTIFIER
Some X are not Y. All X are Y. S AND
Some X are Y. No X are Y. NEGATION

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Quantified Statements and Their Negations
Displayed in a Compact Format

negation
All X are Y. Some X are not Y.

negation QUANTIFIER
S AND
No X are Y. Some X are Y.

NEGATION

PAGE 24
First
Skill
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First Skill PAGE 25

Second Skill Third Skill Conclusion
Second
Skill
Map.
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consectetur adipiscing elit. Etiam
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fermentum a magna ut eleifend.
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varius.
Second Skill
First Skill
Road.
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Third Skill
Mountain.
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convallis suscipit ante eu varius.
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Conclusion
 Third Skill
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a erat eget nunc hendrerit ultrices eu nec
nulla.
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id, convallis orci. Sed in molestie est. Cras
ornare turpis at ligula posuere, sit amet
accumsan neque lobortis.

Third Skill PAGE 27

First Skill Second Skill Conclusion
 Here is what we learned
 First skill:
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First Lesson  Second skill:

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 Third skill:
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Conclusion PAGE 28
First Skill Second Skill Third Skill