Functions

Chapter 4

An Introduction to Programming Using Python

David I. Schneider
 Built-in Functions
• Table 4.1 Some Python built-in functions.
• https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html
 User-defined Functions
• Defined by statements of the form

– par1, par2 are variables (called parameters)

– Expression evaluates to a literal of any type
– Header must end with colon
– Each statement in block indented same
– Parameters and return statements optional in function definitions
– Function names should describe the role performed
 Passing a Value to a Function
• Example 3: Program shows there is no change
in the value of the argument
파일명

multiply.py 함수명

def triple(num):
num = 3 * num
return num
def multiple(num):
num = 2 * num
return num
파일 ( 명 )
shell 가져오기
>>> import multiply
>>> a=5
>>> multiply.triple(a)
>>> multiply.multiple(a)

파일명 함수명
 Passing a Value to a Function
• Question: power to the 3 (EX: num3)

파일명

multiply.py 함수명

def triple(num):
num = 3 * num
return num
파일 가져오기
shell
>>> import triple
>>> a=5
>>> multiply.triple(5)

파일명 함수명
 Functions Having One Parameter
• Example 1: Program uses the function
fahrenheitToCelsius
• parameters F, return C
• C = (5/9) * (F – 32)
 Functions Having One Parameter
• Example 1: Program uses the function
fahrenheitToCelsius
• C = (5/9) * (F – 32)
 Functions Having One Parameter
• Example 2: Program uses the function
firstName
 Functions Having Several Parameters
Passing by position
• Example: adder a = 5, b = 7, c=2
def adder(x,y,z):
sum = x + y + z
Input
parameters
def adder(x,y,z):
return sum
a=5 Input
b=7 arguments adder(a,b,c)
c=2
print(adder(a,b,c))

• Question: average of a = 5, b = 7, c=2

 Functions Having Several Parameters
Passing by Parameter Name
• Example: adder a = 5, b = 7, c=2
def adder(x,y,z): def adder(x,y,z):
sum = x + y + z sum = x + y + z
return sum return sum
a=5 print(adder(x=5,y=7,z=2)) #ex1
b=7 print(adder(z=2,x=5,y=7)) #ex2
c=2
print(adder(a,b,c))

• Question: average of a = 5, b = 7, c=2

 Functions Returning
Multiple Values
• Functions can return any type of object
– Function can return a tuple.
• Example 2: balanceAndInterest function
returns a tuple
– Giving values associated with deposit into savings
account.
 Functions Returning
Multiple Values
• Example: adder & multiplier a = 5, b = 7, c=2
def addAndMulti(x,y,z): output
sum = x + y + z arguments return (sum, multiply)
multiply = x*y*z
return (sum, multiply)
a=1 output
b=2 parameters
c=3
(add, mul) = addAndMulti(a,b,c) (add, mul) = addAndMulti(a,b,c)
print(add, mul)

• Question: sum & average a = 1, b = 2, c=3

 Default Values
• Parameters of a function can have default values
– Assigned to them when no values are passed to them
• Format for definition using default values

• Table 4.4 Three function calls

 Default Values

• Example: adder a = 5, b = 7, c=2 Parameters

with default

def adder(x,y,z): def adder(x=0,y=0,z=0):

sum = x + y + z sum = x + y + z
return sum return sum
a=5 a=5 Less number
of inputs
b=7 b=7
c=2 c=2
print(adder(a,b,c)) print(adder(a))
print(adder(a,b))
print(adder(a,b,c))

• Question: multiply of a = 5, b = 7, c=2

Functions that do not Return Values
• Example 8: Program displays three verses of
children’s song.
 Functions without Parameters
• Example 9: Program calculates the population density of a
state
 Return boolean
• Example 6: Program uses a Boolean-valued
function to
determine
whether return Boolean
(True or False)
input is a
vowel word
Function with
Boolean return
(True or False)
 Return list
• Example 7: Program uses a list-valued function

return list

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.,Hoboken, NJ.  All rights reserved.

 Functions from the
random Module
• Functions that randomly select items from a
list and randomly reorder the items in a list.
• Example 1: Program demonstrates functions
from the random module.
 Functions Calling Other Functions
• Example: sum & average of a = 5, b = 7, c=2
adder
average.py Adder average.py function
statement
def average(x,y,z): def average(x,y,z):
sum = x+y+z sum = adder(x,y,z)
avg = (x+y+z) / 3 avg = adder(x,y,z) / 3
return (sum, avg) return (sum, avg)
a=5 def adder(d,e,f):
b=7 sum = d + e + f
c=2 return sum
print(average(a,b,c))
a=5
b=7
c=2
print(average(a,b,c))
 Library Modules
• A library module is a file with extension .py
– Contains functions and variables
– Can be used (imported) by any program
– can be created in IDLE or any text editor
– Looks like an ordinary Python program
• To gain access to the functions and variables
– place a statement of the form import moduleName
at the beginning of the program
 Library Modules

• Example: sum & average of a = 5, b = 7, c=2

import
average.py average.py adder file
def average(x,y,z): import add Call adder function
sum = adder(x,y,z) in add file
avg = adder(x,y,z) / 3 def average(x,y,z):
return (sum, avg) sum = add.adder(x,y,z)
avg = add.adder(x,y,z) / 3
def adder(d,e,f): return (sum, avg)
sum = d + e + f
return sum a=5
b=7
a=5 c=2
b=7 print(average(a,b,c))
c=2
print(average(a,b,c)) add.py
def adder(d,e,f):
sum = d + e + f
return sum
 Top-Down Design

Programmer 1

ra m e ters
pa
Input
u t re turns
Outp

programmer 2 programmer 3 programmer 4

Figure 4.33 Beginning of a hierarchy chart for

the car loan program.
 Top-Down Design

Figure 4.34 Hierarchy chart for the car loan program.

 Scope of Variables
• Variable created inside a function can only be
accessed by statements inside that function
– Ceases to exist when the function is exited
• Variable is said to be local to function or to
have local scope
• If variables created in two different functions
have the same name
– They have no relationship to each other
 Scope of Variables
• Example 10: Variable x in the function main,
variable x in the function trivial are different
variables
 Scope of Variables
• Scope of a variable is the portion of the
program that can refer to it
• To make a variable global, place assignment
statement that creates it at top of program.
– Any function can read the value of a global a=3

variable def test1():

a=0

def test2():
global a
a=4
• Convention programmers use print(a)
– Name written in uppercase letters test1()
print(a)

test2()
print(a)
 Library Modules
main.py file2.py main.py
def test1(): a=3
a=3 a=0 Import file2
Import file3
def test1():
a=0 print(a)
def test2(): file3.py file2.test1()
global a print(a)
a=4 def test2():
global a
a=4 file3.test2()
print(a) print(a)
test1()
print(a)
file2.py main.py
test2()
print(a) def test1(): a=3
a=0 Import file2
def test2():
global a print(a)
a=4
file2.test1()
print(a)

file2.test2()
print(a)
 Scope of Variables
• trivial() 수행 후 x 값이 변경되도록 수정하라 .
EX:
def main(): a=3
x=2
print(str(x) + ": function main") def test1():
trivial() a=0
print(str(x) + ": function main")
def test2():
def trivial(): global a
x=3 a=4
print(str(x) + ": function main")
print(a)
main()
test1()
print(a)

test2()
print(a)
 Homework
• chapter 4.1: 25, 28, 29
• chapter 4.2: 49, 50, 52, 69