KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO :- 1, BBSR

SCIENCE PROJECT
CLASS:- X D (1ST SHIFT)
GROUP MEMBERS
LEADER:- SHREYAN SAHA

1.SUBASHIS BEHERA
2.SAI SIBA PRASAD
3.SARTHAK
MAHAPATRA
4.DIBYA SWARUP DASH
5.ASHISH BEHERA
2
ART AND CULTURE OF MAHARASHTRA
3
PREFACE
As a part of this “ART INTEGRATION PROJECT” and
in order to gain knowledge about the
cultureMaharashtra, we are required to make a project “
ART AND CULTURE OF MAHARASHTRA”. The
basic objective of this project is to get knowledge about
the culture and traditions of Maharashtra.
 In this project we have included various
concepts ,effects and implications regarding the art and
culture of Maharashtra
Doing this project helped us to enhance our knowledge
regarding culture of Maharashtra. We are undergoing
many experiences related with our topics .
Through this report we come to know about importance
of teamwork and devotion towards the work.
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• I would like to express my special thanks to
my Science teacher“Mr S.K.Kar” for his able
guidance and support in completing this
project .

• I would also like to extend my gratitude to

our honourable Principal mam and our
respected vice principal sir for providing me
with all the facilitiy that was required .
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CONTENT
SERIAL NUMBER TOPIC PAGE TOPIC PAGE

1) HISTORY OF MAHARASHTRA 6 - 11 4) SOIL 24 -28

 KINGDOM AND DYNASTIES 7,8,9,10,11  SOIL 24

2) CULTURE OF MAHARASHTRA 11 – 21  Mineralogical characterstics of the soil 25 -26

 CULTURE 12 , 13  Textual characterstics of the soil from the 27

sangamer area

 CLOTHINGS 14 ,15  Textural classification of the soil 28

 ART AND CRAFT 16

 FOOD 17

 FESTIVALS 18

 ARCHITECTURE 19

 FOLK MUSIC AND DANCE 20

 LIFESTYLE 22

 RELIGIOUS, CASTES AND SECTS 21

3) ADD A FOOTER THINGS MAHARASHTRA IS FAMOUS FOR 22 6

 HISTORY OF MAHARASHTRA

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 KINGDOM AND DYNASTIES
The Chalukya And Rashtrakuta
From the 6th century CE to the 8th century the Chalukya
Dynasty ruled Maharashtra.
Two prominent rulers were Pulakeshin ll, who defeated
the North India Emperor Harasha and Vikramaditya ll,
who defeated Arab invaders in the 8th century.
The Rashtrakuta dynasty ruled Maharashtra from the 8th
to 10th century.
The Arab traveler Sulaiman called the ruler of the
Rashtrakuta dynasty one of 4 greatest kings of the world.
The Chalukya dynasty and Rashtrakuta dynasty had
there capital in modern day Karnataka and used
Kannada and Sanskrit as court language.

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• From early 11th century to the 12th century the Deccan
plateau, including a large of Maharashtra was
dominated by the Western Chalukya empire and the
Chola dynasty.
• Several battels over the Deccan plateau were fought
between these empires during the regime of Raja Raha
Chola, Rajendra chola, Jayasimha ll, Someshvara l,
and Vikramaditya VI.
• Between 800 and 1200 CE parts of Western (King Vikramaditya VI)
Maharashtra including the Konkan region of
Maharashtra were ruled by different Shilahara houses
based in North Konkan South Konkan and Kolhapur
respectively.
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Yadav Dynasty 12th – 14th Century
• The Yadavas of Devagiri dynasty at its peak ruled a
kingdom stretching from the Tungabhadra to the
Narmada river including present day Maharashtra, North
Karnataka and parts of Madhya pradesh .
• Its capital is Devagiri.
(Hero stone (Virgal)
• The Yadavas initially ruled as feudatories of the Western with Old Kannada
Chalukyas. inscription dated 1286
CE from the rule of
• The founder of the Suena dynasty was Dridhaprahana, Yadava King
Ramachandra in
the son of Subahu. Kedareshvara temple
at Balligavi in Shimoga
district, Karnataka
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• The name Seuna comes from Dridhapra haras son,
Seuna Chandra, who originally ruled a region called
Seunachandra (present day Khandesh) .
• Bhillama ll, a later ruler in the dynasty, assisted
Tailapa ll in his war with the paramara king
Vakpatimunjan.
• Seuna chandra ll, helped Vikramaditya vi, in gaining
his throne
• Around the middle of the 12th century as Chalukya [Yadav dynasty and its
power warned the Yadavas declared independence. neighbours]
• Their rule reached its peak under Singhana ll.
• The Yadavs of Devagiri used Marathi as their court
language.
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 CULTURE

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Culture of Maharashtra
 Maharashtra is the third largest state of India. It
has a long history of Marathi saints of Varakari
religious movement, such
as Dnyaneshwar, Namdev, Chokhamela, Eknath 
and Tukaram which forms the one of bases of
the culture of Maharashtra or Marathi
culture.
 Maharashtra had huge influence over India CHATRAPATI SHIVAJI
under the 17th-century king Shivaji of MAHARAJ
the Maratha Empire and his concept of Hindavi
Swarajya which translates to self-rule of people.

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 Clothings
 Traditional clothes for Maharashtrian males include the dhoti, also
known as Dhotar, and pheta, while a choli and nine- (A lady wearing a
yard saree locally known as Nauwari saadi or Lugda is for women. Nauvari saree)
Traditional clothing is famous in rural areas while traditional people
from cities also wear these clothing. These clothes are worn by
Maharashtrians while performing various festivals.

 The men, on the other hand, wear a shirt or kurta paired with
the ‘dhoti’, usually made of cotton, which is draped around
the waist and extends up to the ankles. Other than the cotton
caps called ‘pheta’ or ‘pagadi’ which they put on their heads, a
sleeveless jacket called ‘bandi’ is also occasionally worn.
During festive seasons, the men wear Ackan, Churidar, and
Pyjama.
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 Art and craft
• The artisans of Maharashtra are very precise and delicate
in their work. The weaving of quality fabrics, Mashroo
and Himroo, made from cotton and silk (famous in
Aurangabad) are finest of its kind.
The Kolhapuri Chappal from Kolhapur is known for their (Warli paintings)
simple style, durability, quality of the leather and its
design. Painthani Sarees that have been in production
since past 2000 years are fine, exquisite silk sarees with
delicate zari handwork in their border. Warli Paintings
done by the warli tribes, who live in the Thane district of
the state, tell a tale to the viewers. The paintings are of
stick-figure forms and are easy to understand. Kolhapur
Saaj is a special type of necklace, famous among women
of Maharashtra. (Kolhapuri chappal)
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FOOD
The staple diet of Maharashtra includes wheat, rice, jowar, bajri,
vegetables, lentils and fruit. Meat was not eaten much in Maharashtra
until recent times. Their diet is rich in carbohydrates as initially they
were occupied in labour-intensive jobs like farming. The Food of
Maharashtra is from sweet to mildly spicy to spicy. Some of the dishes
like vada pav, pav bhaji, missal pav and pooran pori have become
famous throughout the world. Shrikhand, yet another popular dish has
have said to be originated in Maharashtra.

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festivals
• Some festivals like Nag Panchami, Ganesh
Chathurthi, Gokul Ashtami, Makar Sankranti,
Gudi Padwa, Bhau Beej, Ellora Festival Narali
Pournima and Shivaji Jayanti have originated in
Maharashtra. Nag Panchami is devoted to the
Snake God. The Snake God is prayed to get rid of
the 'Nag Dosh'; Ganesh Chathurthi is an eleven-
day long festival of Lord Ganesh. The people of
Maharashtra celebrate other festivals also like
Diwali, Christmas, Eid, and New years. In most
places, people celebrate all major festivals
irrespective of their religion and honestly, that just
shows the unity and brotherhood among them.
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ARCHITECTURE
• There are many significant monuments in
Maharashtra like Bibi ka Maqbara, Ajanta Ellora
caves, Gateway of India which is influenced by
different architectural styles. Bibi Ka Maqbara can be (Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus)
seen to have incorporated Mughal architecture,
whereas, in Mumbai, formerly known as Bombay, the
majority of the architecture is influenced by British
style of architecture (Indo-Saracenic revival
architecture) and can be seen in Gateway of India and
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus. Maharashtra is famous
for its caves, and rock-cut architecture as in Ajanta
Ellora Caves that is also one of the UNESCO as
World Heritage Site. Some of the temples in
Maharashtra are over 1000 years old.
(Buddhist Karla caves)
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Folk music and dance
• The folk music and dances of
Maharashtra are Koli, Powada, Banjara
Holi dance and Lavani dance. Powada
dance form shows achievements of
Shivaji Maharaja, the Maratha ruler.
Koli music and dance originated from
the fishermen community for
entertainment. Lavani dance form
showcases many topics like romance,
politics, tragedy, society, etc. 'Lavani'
comes from the "Lavanya" meaning
'beautiful' or 'beauty'.
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 Lifestyle
The people of Maharashtra have a rich traditional heritage.
Maharashtrians have a very simple life style and believe in
hard working.The Marathas of the state do not believe in
having too many spacious palaces and mansions in-fact
these people have lived a hard life and were inclined
towards freedom struggle. The rustic lifestyle of the people
SAI BABA
can also be observed in the country-side of the state where
people have a belief on universal cult of brotherhood, where
the people of all religions lives as a one community. A place
where the revered saints like Sai Baba, Osho and HajIi
Ali preached the religion of peace and prosperity.The people
of the state wear different colorful types of costumes, and
there is variation in dance and music according to people's
specific localities. Dance forms like Powada, Banjara Holi
Dance, Lavani, and Koli are popular in Maharashtra. OSHO
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Religious, Castes and Sects
Marathi Hindus revere many
religious figures. Among the
figures who originated in the
region are Banka Mahar, Bhagu,
Damajipanth, Kanhopatra, A person from Mahar caste
Karmamelam, Nirmala, Sadna,
Sakhubai, Satyakam Jabali and
Soyarabai.

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 THINGS MAHARASHTRA IS FAMOUS FOR

 1.Business of Bollywood:- Bollywood is lot more than entertainment that

involves running around the trees.It is a business that is part of the estimated
$25 billion revenue driven Indian entertainment industry.
 2.The Land of Ganesha:- Maharashtra adores the benevolent god known to
remove obstacles and bless you with success and happiness.We are referring to
lord Ganesha.
 3.Stunning Beaches:- Maharashtra is popular as a beach destination with its
many towns and cities located close to the coast. If you are in Mumbai, you
need to visit the Juhu beach for sure, as it represents a cultural hotspot.
 4.Exciting Rail Journey:- If you are travelling to Maharashtra then one
experience that should not allude you is the train journey. The train traverses
some of the most and lush landscapes that you will encounter in this part of
the country. Must try the experience of famous local trains of Mumbai.
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 SOIL

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soil
• The Sangamner area is located in the Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra. Sangamner is a taluka headquarter which is located at a distance of
150 km from Pune on Pune-Nashik National Highway No. 50 (Fig.1). The area is drained by the Pravara river which is a tributory of
Godavari. Pravara river originates in the mountainous region of Western Ghats and flows into low-lying fertile alluvial plain in the
downstream part. Several dams and weirs have been constructed across Pravara river of these, Bhandardara dam is located in the source
region and the Ozar weir is in the downstream direction of Sangamner town. These dams and weirs have been augmenting the irrigational
water needs of the area. Over 90% of the study area is practising intensive agriculture. It should be noted that subsequent to the establishment
of co-operative sugar-mill at Sangamner in 1967, the agriculture in the area has witnessed rapid changes in the cropping pattern. The
industrial units developed in the area generate large volumes of waste water which mixes with surface and groundwater resources thereby
contaminating them. At places, the lagoons used for storage of waste waters have caused degradation of soils as well as water due to
infiltration of effluents. Thus, the soil resources are facing severe threat from both irrigation practices as well as from agro-based industry.
MATERIALS AND METHods:-
• Selected 62 surface soil samples (0-20cm) were collected (Fig 1) in cloth bags as per the standard procedures. 49 samples are from irrigated
and 13 from non –irrigated areas. Quartering technique was used for preparation of soil samples. The samples were dried in air and passed
through 2 mm sieve and stored in cloth bags. The textural analysis was done by using International Pipette Method.
• Out of 62 soil samples, representative 10 sample clay fractions obtained by International pipette method were subjected to X-ray diffraction
analysis for mineralogical characteristics. Six samples (S.No. S6, S 10, S 11, S 13, and S26) were from irrigated / salt affected zone whereas
four (S.No. S29, S49, S56 and S59) were from non-irrigated area (Fig 1). For X ray diffraction analysis samples were powdered to 250 –
mesh ASTM sieve. The characteristics of clay samples were recorded on PW172. X – Ray diffractometer using CuKα radiation operated at 30
KV and 30 mA (Cu). The CuKα radiation wavelength was 1.542 ° A. The scanning speed was maintained at 0.05 ° 2θ /s and chart speed was 5
mm/2θ starting with 2θ = 10 degrees. For the identification of different peaks, Hanwalt’s method has been used in which peaks are composted
with ASTM cards. 
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Mineralogical Characteristics of Soils
• It is observed that the important clay minerals identified in the clay fractions of the soil samples under investigation are illite,
montmorillonite, kaolinite, chlorite and halloysite.
Illite:-
The dominance of illite in all samples reflected the alkaline nature of the soils along with high concentration of aluminum and
potassium. This is further evidenced by the chemical analysis of soils.Illite is identified by series of basal reflections at 1.99 °A,
3.32° 2.57° A and 2.07° A, besides the weaker reflections at 1.52 °A, 4.81° A and 3.1° A. The presence of illite in the samples is
indicative of the influence of olivence / enstatitic pyroxene dominated parent material. However, the formation of illite is more
favoured due to high K2O content of these soils. This is possibly due to excessive use of potash fertilizers.
Montmorillonite:-
The XRD pattern of salt affected soils in the area revealed the formation of montmorillonite (smectites). This can be attributed to
alkaline condition and availability of sodium and magnesium. Such hyper alkaline condition can be developed due to impeded
drainage in the area. Montmorillonite presence is seen as 100% reflection at 4.41 ° A and weaker reflections at 1.53°A to 3.48°A.
Similarly, weaker reflections were also identified in the range of 1.29 ° A to 7.73°A. Under alkaline conditions, the pyroxenes
from basalt are believed to weather to clay of this type and fine sand. The smectite type of minerals once formed, remain stable
under alkaline conditions that can develop impeded drainage. In the low lying area, it appears that slightly weathered parent
materials under alkaline conditions, low Mg and poor drainage condition have accelerated the formation of smectite. However,
the normalADDsoil showed less proportion of montmorillonite indicating
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host rock basalt.
• Kaolinite:-
It is a major component in almost all the soil samples from study area. It is represented by basal reflection at 7.13 to
7.24° A and 3.55° A. However, in the presence of chlorite as in the case of present samples, the above reflection interfere
and coincide with the chlorite at 7.14 and 3.54°A respectively. The other reflections were identified with the lesser intensity
at 2.43°A, 2.86, 2.57 and 2.2°A. In the upland soils the dominance of kaolinite might be attributed to the good internal
drainage. The plagioclase feldspar has undergone weathering to kaolinite at low pH. However, it is observed that kaolinite
reflection does not show any systematic variation in intensity.
Chlorite:-
It is represented by basal reflections at 7.14°A and weak reflection at 1.55°A. However, because of interference and
coincidence of reflections of chlorite with reflection of kaolinite, it was rather difficult to distinguish between the peaks of
kaolinite and chlorite in the soil samples under study.
Halloysite:-
• It is the mineral, which belongs to kandite group.21 It is known to occur in two forms with basal spacing 10° A and 7° A as
halloysite and methahalloysite respectively. In the present study, 100% intensity has been detected at 4.43 ° A and 4.52° A,
which indicated the presence of hydrated halloysite in all the samples under study.
• By and large, it can be inferred that the formation of illite in the area is generally facilitated by the presence of cations
like potassium and sodium in sufficiently large quantities. The montmorillonite present in salt affected soils is due to the
predominance of magnesium or other alkaline earth cations. Kaolinite, chlorite and halloysite were also detected in the
soils samples. However, no remarkable difference was seen in the clay mineral composition in the soils from the area.

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Textural Characteristics of Soils from the Sangamner Area
• The textural characteristics of the soils are the most important laboratory determinations made in the soil studies. It deals with the process of
determining the amount of individual soil separates below 2 mm in diameter i.e. sand, silt and clay. The relative proportions of these soil separates
are referred to as soil texture. The various relationships that exist between plant and soil are controlled to a great extent by soil texture. 1
• It is observed from the table 1, that majority of the soils are in the clay and clay loam category. The clay content varies from 9.51 to 53.61 %.
However, the clay and clay loam type of soils were reported predominantly from the downstream part and in the catchment of Ojhar weir (S. No.
S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S8, S9, S10, S12, S14, S15, S16 and S33). This is possibly due to inadequate drainage due to unfavorable topography and
siltation at Ojhar weir. In addition to this, presence of alluvial deposits showing low permeability has lead to higher clay content.
• The silt content of the soils ranged from 10.8 to 33% However, higher values of slit were noticed for the soils from irrigated tract and in the areas of
lower elevation (S. No. S6, S9, S12, S13, S14 and S16).
• The fine sand and coarse sand ranged from 6.076 to 59.24% and 3.696 to 33.31% respectively. The higher content of these sands was recorded in
the vicinity and downstream part of Ojhar weir (S.No. S21, S23, S24, S29, S39, S43 and S60). However, low values were found in the areas with
flat topography (S, No.S5, S10, and S15) and characterized by alluvial lithology. Similar observations were made by the researchers for the soils
from the area which is in proximity to the present study area. This inference is also supported by cation exchange capacity values.
• The distribution of particle size influences the moisture retention and transmission properties of soils. This is to say that, coarse textured soils have
low moisture retention and high permeability whereas fine textured soils have high moisture retention and low permeability. Considering this, it can
be said that the soils having high clay content (S. No. S2, S3, S4, S5, S7, S8, S9, S10, S16 and S20) will have low infiltration rate. The chemical
properties of soils are expected to be influenced by clays than silt and sand particles. This is because clay fraction contains larger alumino – silicates
and has higher content of humus. Therefore, they are characterized by a higher charge density per unit surface. In the study area, high proportion of
clay in some parts of study area can be considered as one of the important factors influencing the chemical properties of soils.
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Textural classification of soil
• Natural field soils are always mixtures of soil separates. The relative percentages of the various soil separates in a
field are almost infinite in possible combinations. It is, therefore, necessary to establish limits of variations among
the soil sepa-rates so as to group them into textural classes. The determination of the textural class of a soil is based
on particle size analysis. The soil samples from study area are separated into three size fractions viz. sand, silt and
clay. The quantity of each fraction was measured and expressed as a percentage (by weight) of the soil. The
distribution of the different sized particles was used for determining textural class of the soil with the help of textural
triangular diagram (Fig 3). On the basis of this, five tex-tural groups were obtained viz clay, clay loam, sandy loam,
sandy clay loam and sandy clay from the study area (Fig 3).
• Out of 62 soil samples, 22 soil samples (35.48%) were clay, 14 samples (22.58%) were clay loam, 10 samples
(16.12%) were sandy loam, 12 samples (20.96%) were sandy clay loam and 3 (4.84%) were sandy clay. Thus,
majority of the samples in the area represent clay and clay loam type of textural class. The distribution of various
textural classes is depicted in Fig 3.
• From the Fig, it is observed that the clay and clay loams were located in the central and downstream part in the back-
waters of Ojhar weir. (S.No. S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S12, S14, S15, S16, S17, S18, S34, S35, S36,
S37, S38, S51, S57, S58, S59 and S62). This particular area is waterlogged due to flat topography and impeded
drainage. Similar observations were also reported from adjoining areas in the same basin. In nutshell, textural
classification of soil provides a basis for making judgement
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behavior in the area.
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 THANK YOU!
FOR GIVING YOUR KIND ATTENTION