WP6: CD Airfoil Test-case

Experimental and numerical data base

S. Moreau
October 2008 VEC Manager of the Fan System Core Competencies
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Manager
1 of the Group Simulation Competency Center
February 2008
ECL Experimental Set-up, LMFA
Open-Jet Aeroacoustic Experiment in ECL Large Wind Tunnel

Airfoil chord length ~10 cm 16 m / s  U 0  40 m / s

RMP

RMP 11

26

Thickness 4% Camber 12°

Valeo CD and NACA12 airfoils, Nozzle exit section 50 cm x 25 cm

Flat Plate, V2 and V3 airfoils

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2 February 2008
CD Airfoil Experimental Data Base
Open-Jet Aeroacoustic Experiment in ECL Large Wind Tunnel

Valeo CD Airfoil: Re  1.5 105 ; M  0.05 ; several angles of attack (8° focus)
Far field noise measurements: Noise spectra and directivities
Remote Microphone Probe (RMP) measurements: Wall pressure statistics (Cp,
frequency spectra, coherence, phase)
Hot wire measurements: Velocity statistics (mean and RMS velocity
components, Reynolds stress and frequency spectra)
Moreau et al, AIAA J. 2004, 2005, JFE 2005
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3 February 2008
Experimental Far Field Noise

Spectrum

Directivity

CD airfoil in high Flat plate at zero

loading conditions angle of attack

Evidence of 2 mechanisms: vortex-shedding noise and trailing-edge noise

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4 February 2008
Experimental Wall Pressure Statistics
70

Wall pressure spectra (dB)

60
Wall pressure fluctuations must
be statistically homogeneous 50 RMP 11
f-5
RMP 21
RMP 22
40 RMP 23
RMP 24
l y (  ) is deduced from RMP 26

coherence measurements 30
2
2 3 4 5 6 78
3
2 3 4 5 6 78
4
10 10 10
 Frequency (Hz)

l y ( )  
0
 2 (  , ) d

Equivalent Corcos’ model

U c is deduced from the phase
Gaussian model proposed
diagrams of streamwise cross (Roger & Moreau, AIAA 2002-
spectra 2460).

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5 February 2008
Hot Wire Measurements
Overview Wake Zoom
Shear layer survey

Inlet survey
LES bc survey

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6 February 2008
Flow Visualization on CD Airfoil

« Oil » Flow Tuft Film

Separation
bubble
Direction of
the flow
laminar

Suction side
streaklines leading edge
separation line

turbulent
Reattachment
of the flow MVI_9612.avi

Evidence of laminar flow separation at the leading edge

Possible flow separation at the trailing edge

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7 February 2008
Numerical Wall Pressure Coefficient

Two families of results

k-, SST and V2F
k- TL and WL

Moreau et al, AIAA J. 2003

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8 February 2008
Numerical Wall Friction Coefficient

Two families of results

k-, SST and V2F
k- TL and WL

Moreau et al, AIAA J. 2003

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9 February 2008
Comparison of Wall Pressure Coefficients

SST model

Good prediction of laminar flow separation at the leading edge

No prediction of onset of trailing edge flow separation
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10 February 2008
Broadband Models: Generalized Amiet - 1

 3 main mechanisms considered:

2 - Trailing edge noise
1 - Turbulence-
interaction noise

3 - Vortex-shedding noise

 Tip and leakage flow are not considered yet

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11 February 2008
Broadband Models: Generalized Amiet - 2

 Turbulence Interaction Noise:


x  ( x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) 2
2
  kc x  d  kx   k x2 
S pp ( x ,  )   0 2 3   U 0  ww ( , 2 ) L x1 , , 
 2 S0  2 U 0 S0  U 0 S0 

z Inflow velocity statistics

y
U0  Trailing Edge Noise:
Spanwise correlation length
2 2
  k c x3  k x    kx 
S pp ( x ,  )   
2 
d  pp ( )  y  2 ,   L x1 , , 2 
 2  S 0   S0   U S0 
S ( x, y ) x
wall-pressure spectrum

Radiation integrals
(including back-scattering
correction)

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12 February 2008
Stanford LES Set-up & Averaged Results

 Choose the largest jet width (w = 50 cm)

 LES domain in the jet core, with velocity B.C.'s coming from
RANS (only mean values)
 Better prediction of leading edge flow (Cp) with LES

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13 February 2008
Grid for Stanford LES
Stanford Reference LES grid in 2D slice (2003)

Very regular, fine and

orthogonal grid at LE

• Single block-structured topology

• Grid Size: 960 x 84 x 64  5.2 million nodes
• Domain Size: (4 x 2.5 x 0.1) x chord (first LES able to
resolve the spanwise coherence length)
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14 February 2008
Grid Quality/Parameters of Stanford LES

• Almost a DNS resolution in the normal direction

• Very regular and orthogonal grid near airfoil
• Grid independence of the solution verified on pressure spectra
• Energy-conserving hybrid finite-difference/spectral code
• Dynamic sub-grid-scale model
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15 February 2008
Stanford LES Instantaneous Results

Leading-edge separation leading to transition on suction side

Laminar boundary-layer on pressure side
Qualitative agreement with experimental observation
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16 February 2008
2D vs 3D LES Instantaneous Results
NACA0012 Re ~ 5-9 105 and M~0.2

3D 2D

Drastic change of flow topology after transition

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17 February 2008
Stanford Broadband Noise (BBN) Sources

#26


Experiment

LES

Excellent qualitative and quantitative agreement

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18 February 2008
Stanford BBN Prediction
Acoustic Analogies based on wall pressure statistics (Amiet)
and on velocity statistics near the trailing edge (Ffowcs-Williams and Hall)

Good agreement of both analogies with experimental data

Effect of finite-chord up to 2 kHz
Discrepancy between the two analogies at high frequencies
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19 February 2008
Evaluation of Other Unsteady Methods

Starting from the same “LES domain” with the same RANS
boundary conditions and, if possible, the same LES grid:

Unsteady RANS: no unsteadiness was observed

Detached Eddy Simulations (DES-SA within Fluent 6.1)

Lattice Boltzmann (RANS/DNS) > Powerflow (EXA)

LES with Immersed Boundary Technique

Moreau et al, CTR Summer Program 2004

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20 February 2008
Grid and Simulation Parameters of SP-2004

LBM: Powerflow 6.1.22 (3ddp)

Grid: 73551 voxels and 1491 surfels in a 2D slice (~1.2 M in 3D)
Smallest cell at LE is similar to body-fitted LES
Model: RANS k- in 2D - No model in 3D
Simulation parameters: (Re=1.5 105)
Time step: t =2.0e-7
CPU time for 100 time steps: 5 minutes on SGI Octane (1 CPU)

LES-IB: Structured Cartesian (PhD: S. Kang)

Grid: 4.8M in 3D (0.15M in a 2D slice)
Smallest cell at LE is ~2.5 larger than body-fitted LES
Model: LES + Dynamic Procedure
Simulation parameters: (Re=1.5 105)
Time step: t =1.0e-4
CPU time for 100 time steps: 20 minutes on Linux cluster (8 CPU)

Moreau et al, CTR Summer Program 2004

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21 February 2008
SP-2004 (Stanford) Grids

Reference LES DES-SA

1-2 coarsening

LBM-DNS LES-IB

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22 February 2008
SP-2004 (Stanford) Flow field Results
Instantaneous Velocity Field
Reference LES DES-SA

LBM-DNS LES-IB

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23 February 2008
 SP-2004 (Stanford) Wall Pressure Coefficient

2.5 2.5
Experiment Experiment
RANS (v2f)
2.0 RANS (v2f) 2.0 LES
LES
DES LB-RANS

Pressure Coefficient
Pressure Coefficient

1.5 IB-LES 1.5 LB-DNS

1.0 1.0

0.5 0.5

0.0 0.0

-0.5 -0.5

-1.0 -1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Normalized distance Normalized distance

Only IB-LES provided a complete flow field close to reference LES

Moreau et al, CTR Summer Program 2004

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24 February 2008
SP-2004 (Stanford) Wake Velocity Profiles

X-wire

Two coarse grids in any of the new simulations to yield good wake

Moreau et al, CTR Summer Program 2004

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25 February 2008
SP-2004 (Stanford) Flow field Results

DES gives unrealistic flow field (over production of k at LE)

Grids for IB-LES need to re-visited for better TE prediction
All over estimate the pressure fluctuations at low frequencies
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26 February 2008
STAR-CD LES Simulations (2005-2006)
Moreau et al, AIAA 2005-2916
PISO algorithm for time discretization
Central differencing and upwind MARS scheme (no stable solution
could be obtained even in 2D with CDS for all grid topologies tested).
To keep a CFL number below 1 throughout the computational domain,
a maximum allowable time step t = 1.5 10-5 s is used.
5 to 10 time units run to eliminate the transient and collect reliable
statistics (based on the free stream velocity of 16 m/s).
Smagorinsky sub-grid scale (SGS) model together with a van Driest
near-wall damping and WALE SGS are used.
k- based DES is selected.

Evaluation of different numerical Schemes

Evaluation of different SGS models
Re-assessment of the DES model with a different code

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27 February 2008
Final MARS LES Grid Topology (2005)

• Similar grid 1-2 coarsening as 1,115,000 cells

DES with Fluent 6.1
• Only 5% chord span
• Good near-surface resolution:
x+≤ 20 ; y+≤ 1 ; z+≤ 10

Zoom LE Zoom TE

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28 February 2008
MARS LES Instantaneous Velocity Field
Stanford Reference LES STAR-CD MARS LES

Similar small structures created after separation convected

downstream towards the trailing edge
Larger flow separation at the leading edge in MARS LES.
More coherent structures at the trailing edge in MARS LES.
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29 February 2008
MARS LES Wall Pressure Coefficient

Qualitative agreement on the laminar separation bubble (good level of

pressure plateau but too large extent of the bubble, 11.2% instead of 3.7%)
First simulation to predict the positive pressure gradient up to mid-chord.
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30 February 2008
MARS LES Wake Velocity Profiles

0.2
Experiment
present LES
0.1

0.0

y/c
-0.1

-0.2
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
x-velocity

Excellent agreement in the near wake for the MARS LES

Too large diffusion and deflection of the wake in the DES.

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31 February 2008
MARS LES Wall Pressure Spectra
No homogeneous statistics close to TE
P60: mid-chord P2
(-60 mm)
P14: -14 mm P8
P8: -8 mm
P2: -2 mm P60 P14

Origin: TE

• Too large Too high levels everywhere

structures and
coherence at the
trailing edge
• Fluctuations are
getting damped
towards TE (MARS
upwinding)
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32 February 2008
MARS Fine Scale Structures
Iso-values of normalized Q colored by the streamwise vorticity

Turbulent re-attach.
Turbulent T.E.
Separation

Laminar L.E. separation

Larger structures than reference LES

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33 February 2008
DES Simulation Issue
Velocity Field Sub-grid Turbulent Viscosity

Well attached flow field all the way to the trailing edge as in RANS simulations
Short laminar separation bubble is not captured
Transition occurs at the stagnation point (local turbulent kinetic energy
overproduction in k- model).
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34 February 2008
Conclusions Summer 2005

The STAR-CD MARS LES reproduces all qualitative features of the flow
encountered in the ECL experiment and simulated in the reference LES
(Wang et al, Stanford 2004).
A short laminar separation bubble is formed, reattaches and sheds small
vortices that are convected towards the trailing edge.
Evolution of the boundary layer seems to be well captured, especially the
experimental positive pressure gradient up to mid-chord.
Yet the laminar separation bubble is too wide and the wall pressure
fluctuations are damped at the trailing edge (most likely due to MARS
upwind scheme). No use for self-noise prediction.
All DES found inadequate for this attached flow (transitional airfoil with a
short laminar bubble).
Further grid optimization required to remove instabilities with Central
Differencing Scheme (CDS).
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35 February 2008
 Final CDS LES Grid Topology (2006)
D. Laurence, VKI Lecture Series 2005
Y. Addad, PhD UMIST 690,000 cells
• 3-4 grid coarsening in all
directions
• 10% chord span
• Good near-surface resolution:
x+~ 2.5 ; y+~ 2 ; z+~ 3.6

3-4 coarsening

Stability of CD scheme without significant oscillations

Only a small jump in the turbulent viscosity

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36 February 2008
CDS LES Wall Pressure Coefficient

Same qualitative agreement on the laminar separation bubble

No significant differences between the two SGS models
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37 February 2008
CDS LES Wake Velocity Profiles

Same excellent agreement in the near wake for the CDS-LES

No significant differences between the two SGS models

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38 February 2008
CDS LES Wall Pressure Spectra

Good overall predicition with the CD

SGS model has only a moderate effect on spectra

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39 February 2008
CDS Fine Scale Structures
Iso-values of normalized Q colored by the streamwise vorticity

t = 0.07 s

t = 0.25 s

Smaller structures than with MARS scheme

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40 February 2008
SP-2006 (Stanford) Unstructured LES
x/C = 0.057356
1,2
<4% difference

1,0

0,8

Vmag/Uref
0,6

2005 ECL Experiment

0,4
2003 RANS-V2F

2004 LES (M. Wang)

0,2 2006 LES (CDP 2.3)

0,0
-0,100 -0,080 -0,060 -0,040 -0,020 0,000 0,020 0,040 0,060 0,080 0,100
y/C
Wake Spectra at x/c = 0.057356
Comparison of U rms
-40 0.180
2005 Wake Data (18 Jan) @ x/C = 0.057356
0.160
-50 2003 LES (M. Wang) Wake Data @ x/C = 0.057356

0.140 2006 LES (CDP 2.3) Wake Data @ x/C = 0.05736

Power Spectral Density (dB)

-60
0.120

U rms /U ref
-70 0.100

0.080
-80

0.060
-90
0.040

-100 0.020
EXP (y/H = 0.00038238)
LES (y/H = -0.00045381)
-110 0.000
3 4
10 10 -0.100 -0.080 -0.060 -0.040 -0.020 0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120
f (Hz) y/C

Excellent agreement with both structured LES and experimental data

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41 February 2008
Conclusions Summer 2006

The STAR-CD CDS LES improves the MARS LES significantly (over
dissipative in the TE region) and compares favorably with the ECL
experiment and the reference LES (Wang et al, Stanford 2004).
A regular grid with smooth jumps is required if coarsening is to be used to
yield numerical stability and limited oscillations. (3-4) coarsening as
suggested by Laurence seems to provide the best compromise and still
yield reasonable grid sizes (< 1 Million nodes).
Different SGS models do not yield significant differences
Unstructured LES solver (CDP, Stanford) with the same numerical
schemes and SGS as the reference structured LES yields similar results .
But all LES still show weaknesses in the laminar flow recirculation and
especially in the transition process (we have as many bubble sizes as LES)
Yet in the trailing edge region, similar statistics are achieved and
consequently same broadband noise prediction
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42 February 2008