Continuous Internal Evaluation:

• 1. Three Unit Tests each of 20 Marks

• 2. Two assignments each of 20 Marks or one Skill
Development Activity of 40 marks to attain the COs
and Pos The sum of three tests, two assignments/skill
Development Activities, will be scaled down to 50
marks
• CIE methods /question paper is designed to attain
the different levels of Bloom’s taxonomy as per
theoutcome defined for the course.
Suggested Learning Resources:
Textbooks:
• 1. Fred Halsall, “Multimedia Communications”, Pearson
education, 2001, ISBN -9788131709948.
• 2. K. R. Rao, Zoran S. Bojkovic, Dragorad A. Milovanovic,
“Multimedia Communication Systems”, Pearson
education, 2004. ISBN - 9788120321458.
Reference Books:
• 1. Raif steinmetz, Klara Nahrstedt, “Multimedia:
Computing, Communications and Applications”, Pearson
education, 2002, ISBN -9788177584417.
 Skill Development Activities Suggested

 1. Features of Promodel Package and Input Modeling

 2. Simulation of Manufacturing System I
 3. Simulation of Manufacturing System II
 4. Simulation of Service Operations I
 5. Simulation of Service Operations II
 Suggested Simulation Packages;
• Promodel
Note: A minimum of 5 exercises to be executed
covering the entire syllabus in SDA
 Module-1
Multimedia Communications:
 Introduction,
 Multimedia information representation,
 multimedia networks,
 multimedia applications,
 Application and networking terminology.
 Introduction
In networks, the data transferred can be of any of the following forms.
Text
 Formatted text (electronic documents etc.)
 Unformatted text ( email –plain text without any font specifications)
Images
 Computer generated images –shapes (line/circle etc)
 Digitized images of documents
 Pictures
Audio
 Low fidelity (Speech -telephony)
 High fidelity (Steoreophonicmusic)
Video
 Short sequence of moving images (video clips -advertisements)
 Complete movies ( films )
 Multimedia Information Representation

Text and Images

 represented using blocks of digital data
 Text-rep with code words–fixed number of
bits
 Images-picture elements –every pixel is
represented using a fixed number of bits
 Transaction duration –less
Audio and Video
 represented as analog signals that vary
continuously with time
 Telephonic conversations may take minutes
and movie downloads may take hours
 When they are only type, they take their basic
form-analog
 When integrated with other types, they need
to be converted to digital form.
 Speech signal –typical data rate is 64kbps
 Music and Video –higher bit rates are required
 Huge bit rates cannot be supported by all
networks
 Compression is the technique applied to the
digitized signals to reduce the time delay for a
request / response.
 Multimedia Networks
Five basic types of Communication Networks
 Telephone Networks
 Data Networks
 Broadcast Television Networks
 Integrated Services Digital Network
 Broadband Multiservice Networks
 Telephone Networks

POTS-Plain Old Telephone System

 Initially calls were done within a country
 Extended to International calls

Explanation of the telephone network:

 PBX –Private Branch Exchange
 LE -Local Exchange
 IGE -International Gateway Exchange
 GMSC –Gateway Mobile Switching Centre
 PSTN-Public Switched Telephone Networks
In the Figure (b)
 Microphone is used to convert speech to analog signal
 Telephone earlier used to work in circuit mode –a
separate call is set up and resources are reserved
throughout the network during the duration of the call.
 Handsets were designed to carry two way analog
signals to PBX.
 Digital mode is seen within a PSTN.
 MODEM was a significant device used.
High speed Modems: In the Fig (c):

 Earlier Modems worked at speed -300bps but now they

operate at higher bit rates.
 56kbps –sufficient for text, image as well as speech and low
resolution videos
 Digital Signal Processing techniques has helped
communication in many ways.
 Two channels are used with high speed modems –one in
which speech is sent for telephony and the other is a high
bit rate one which can carry high resolution videos and
audio
 DATA NETWORKS
 Designed for basic data communication services –Email and file
transfers.
 UE-PC/Computer/Workstation
 Two widely deployed networks-X.25 and Internet
 X.25-low bit rate –unsuitable for MM
 Internet-coll of interconnect networks operate using the same set of
communication proto
 Comm protocol-set of rules agreed by the comm. Parties for
exchange of infor-this includes syntax of messages.
 Open System Interconnection-Irrespective of the type or
manufacturer, all systems in Internet they communicate
 Home/Small Offices connect to Internet via Internet
Service Provider thro a PSTN via modem or ISDN.
 Site / Campus Network –single site/Multiple sites through
an enterprise-wide private network connect to the
Internet
 EWPN –ex. College / University campus
 When these networks use the same set of protocols for
internal services used by Internet, they are said to
beIntranets.
 All the above type of networks connect to Internet
Backbone Network via a gateway (router)
 Data networks operate in packet mode.
 Packet-container for data–has both head and
body. Head contains the control information like
the destination address
 MM PC were introduced which supports
Microphones and Speaker, sound card and a
supporting software to digitize the speech.
 Introduction of camera with its supporting H/W
and S/W introducedVideo.
 The data networks hence initiated the MC
applications.
 Broadcast Television N/W
 Designed to support the diffusion of analog television to
geographically wide areas.
 For city/town-the bx medium is a cable distribution network,
for larger areas –a satellite network or a terrestrial broadcast
network.
 Digital services started with Home shopping and Game playing.
 The STB in case of cable network, help for control of television
channels (low bit rate) that are received and the cable model in
STB give access to other services where a high bit rate channel
is used to connect the subscriber back to the cable head-end.
 These also provides an “interaction television”-where an
interaction channel helps the subscriber to demand his/her
interests.
Integrated Services Digital Network
 Integration of services with PSTN
 Conversion of Telephone Networks into all digital form.
 Two separate communication channels –supporting two
telephonic calls simultaneously/ one telephone call and the
other data call
 These circuits are termed Digital Subscriber lines(DSL)
 UE can be either an analogor a digital phone.
 Digital phone-all required conversion circuitry seen in handset
 Analog phone-all required conversion circuitry was seen in the
network terminal equipment.
 Basic Rate Access –two 64kbps per channel –either
independent or combined as one 128kbps line.
 This definitely requires two separate circuitry setup to
support two different calls.
 The synchronization of the two channels into a single
128kbpsrequires a additional box to do the aggregation
function.
 Primary rate Access –1.5 or 2 Mbps data rate channel
 Service provided has now extended to p × 64kbps
where p =1..30.
 Supports MM applications with an increased cost
compared to PSTN.
 Broadband Multiservice Networks
 Broadband-Bit rates in excess of the max 2 Mbps –30 X 64 kbps
given by ISDN.
 These are enhanced ISDN and hence termed Broadband-ISDN(B-
ISDN) with the simple ISDN termed as Narrowband or N-ISDN.
 Initial type did not support video. Current ones do with the
introduction to compression technology.
 As the other three types of networks also started showing
improvements with the introduction to compression
techniques, broadband slowed down.
 Multi Service-Multiple services-Different rates were required for
different services, hence flexibility was introduced. Every media
type was first converted to digital form and then integrated
together. This is further divided into equal sized cells.
 Uniform size helped in better switching.
 As different MM requires different rates, the rate
of transfer of cells also vary and hence termed
Asynchronous transfer modes.
 ATM Networks or Cell switching Networks.
 ATM LANs-single site, ATM MANs-high speed back
bone network to inter connect a number of LANs
 These can also communicate with other types of
LANs
URLs explaining in depth working
 Television Broadcast
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=bvSDQmo-Wbk
 Satellite TV
-https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=OpkatIqkLO8
 Multimedia Applications

The applications fall under three categories:

 Interpersonal communication
 Interactive applications over the internet
 Entertainment applications
Interpersonal communication
 Involves all four MM types
 May be in single form or combined form
1. Speech only
 Telephones connected to PBX or a PSTN/ISDN
/Celullar networks
 Computers can also be used to make calls
 Computer telephony Integration-requires a
telephone interface card and associated software.
 Advanced–Phone Directory can be saved and
dialing a number is easily done with a click
 Telephony can be integrated with network services
provided by the PC
 Additional services: Voice mail and teleconferencing
 Voice mail –in the absence of called party, a message
is left for them which is stored in a central server,
which can be read the next time the party contacts
the server.
 Teleconferencing-conference call –requires an audio
bridge –to setup a conference call automatically
Telephony:
 Internet also support telephony.
 Initially only PC TO PC Telephony was the only
one supported. Later they were able to
include telephones in these networks.
 Here voice signal was converted to packets
and hence necessary Hardware and softwares
were required
 Telephone over internet is collect packet voice
or Voice over IP (VoIP).
 When a PC is to call a telephone, a request is sent
to a Telephony Gateway with IP address of the
called party (CP). This obtains the phone number
of the called party from source PC. A session call is
established by this TG to the TG nearest to CP
using internet address of the gateway. This
gateway initiates a call set up procedure to the
receiver’s phone.
 When the CP answers, reverse communication
happens
 A similar procedure for the closing of the call
2. Image only
 Exchange of electronic images of documents. –
facsimile / fax
 To send images, a call set up is made as in telephone call
 Two fax machine communicate to establish operational
parameters
 Sending machine starts to scan and digitize each page of
the document in turn.
 An internal modem transmits the digitized image is
simultaneously transmitted over the network and is
received at the called site a printed version of the
image is produced.
 After the last page is received, connection is
clearedby the calling machine
 PC fax-electronic version of a document stored in a
PC can be send. This requires a telephone interface
card and an associated software. The other side of
communication can a Fax machine or a PC.
 With a LAN interface cardand associated software,
digitized documents can be sent over other network
types like enterprise networks.
 This is mainly useful for sending paper-based
documents such as invoices, marks cards and so on.
3. Text Only
 Email: Home/Enterprise N/w ->ISP->receiver
 Email server , mailbox
 Users can create and deposit / read mails into the
mailbox.
 Email servers and Internet gateways work on the
standard internet communication protocols.
 Message format-Source and destination –name and
address
 cc-carbon copy
 Can contain only text
4. Text and images
 An application showing this integration is Computer-supported
cooperative working (CSCW).
 A window on each PC is a shared workspace said to be shared
whiteboard.
 The software associated with this is a whiteboard program with a
linked set of support programs.
 Shared whiteboard has two components-Change notification and
Update control.
 Change notification gives an update to the shared whiteboard
program whenever there is a modification done by the user.
 This relays the changes to the update-control in each of the
other PC and in turn proceeds to update the contents of their
copy of the whiteboard.
5. Speech and Video
 Video Telephony –Video camera in addition to microphone
is used.
 A dedicated terminal / MM PC can be used for
communication
 An entire display / window in PC is used.
 A two-way communication channel must be provided by
the network with sufficient bandwidth to support this
integrated environment.
 Desktop video conferencing call is used in large
corporations
 Bandwidth used is more
 Multipoint Control Unit/Videoconferencing serveris used
(BW –reduced)
 Integrated speech and video is sent from each
participant reaches MCU which selects a single
information stream to send to each participant.
 When it detects a participant speaking, it sends that
stream to all other participants. Only a single two
way comm channel between each location and the
MCU is required.
 Internet supports multicasting-one PC to a predefined
group of PCs. MCUs were not used here. Here number
of participants will be limited
6. Speech and Video-Interpersonal communication
 Environments : when more number of participants are involved at
one or more locations
 One person may communicate with a group at another location
Ex. Live lecture
• •Lecturer may share notes/ presentation
• •Students may only talk or may send video along with speech
• •If the students are at same location, it may be like a video phone
call (
• •IIT-B Live lecture sessions
• •When the students are at different locations, either a separate
communication channel is required to each remote site or an MCU
is used at lecturer’s site
• •Relative high BW is required and hence ISDN or Broadband
multiservice n/w suit
 Group of people at different location Ex. video conferencing
 Specially equipped room called Video conferencing Studios
(VS) are used
• •Studios may have one or more cameras,
microphones(audio equipment), large screen displays
• •Multiple locations when involved, an MCU is used to
minimize the BW demands on the access circuits
• •MCU is a central facility within the network and hence only
a single two way communication channel is required.
Example : Telecommunication provider conference
• •In Private networks, MCU is located at one of the sites
where the comm requirements are more demanding as it
must support multiple input channels, and an output stream
to broadcast to all sites
Multimedia
Three different types of electronic mail other than text
only
Voice mail:
1. •Voice mail server is associated with each network.
• •User enters a voice message addressed to a recipient
• •Local voice mail server relays this to the voice server
of the intended recipient network.
• •When the recipient logs in to the mailbox next, the
message is played out
2. Video mail also works the same way –but with video
and speech
3. Multimedia Mail
Combination of all four media types
• •MIME –Multimedia Internet Mail Extensions
• •In case of speech and video, annotations can be
sent either directly to mailbox of recipient with
original text message.
• •Stored and played in a normal way/ played when
the recipients reads out the text message and the
recipient terminal supports audio /video
 Interactive applications over Internet
World Wide Web
• •Linked set of multimedia servers that are
geographically distributed
• •Total information stored is equivalent to a vast
library of documents.
• •Pages are linked through Hyperlinks (References to
other pages / same page)
• •Options available to jump to specific point of pages.
• •Anchors used
• •Hyper Text
• •Hyper Media
• •Uniform Resource Locator-URL –unique
identification to a location
• •Home Page
• •Browser
• •Hyper Text Markup Language
• •Free sites / Subscription sites
• •Teleshopping, Telebanking-initiate additional
transactions
 Entertainment Applications

Two types:
 Movie/ video –on demand
 Interactive television
Movie/ video –on demand
• •Video / audio applications need to be of much higher
quality/resolution since wide screen or stereophonic
sound may be used.
• •Min channel bit rate of 1.5 Mbps is used.
• •Here a PSTN with high bit rate required / Cable network
• •Digitized movies / videosare stored in servers.
Subscriber end
•Conventional television
•Television with selection device for interactive
purpose.
•Movie-on-demand /video-on-demand
• •Control of playing of the movies can be takenlike
Video CasetteRecorder
• •Any time –User’s choice
• •This may result in concurrent access leading to
multiple copies in the server
• •This may add up to the cost
• •Alternate method used is not play the movie
immediately after request but defer till the next
time playout time. All request satisfied
simultaneously by server outputting a single
video stream. This mode is known as near
movie-on-demand or N-MOD.
• •Viewer is unable to controlthe playout of the
movie
• •Formats of the files also play a significant role
Interactive Television
• •Broadcast Television include cable, satellite and terrestrial
networks.
• •Diffusion of analogand digital television programs
• •Set Top Box also has a modemwithin it
• •Cable Networks-STB provides a low bit rate connection to PSTN as
well requests and a high bit rate connection to Internet or broadcasts
• •An additional Keyboard, telephone can be connected to theSTB to
gain access to services.
•Interaction Television:
• •Through the connection to PSTN, users were initially actively able to
respond to the information being broadcast.
• •Return channels helped in voting, participation in games, home
shopping etc.,
• •STB in these networks require a high speed modem.