Soil Stabilization for Pavements

By :
Prof. A U Ravi Shankar
Department of Civil Engineering
NITK Surathkal
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 Soil Stabilization
 What is it?
 Used for centuries
 Means to consolidate soils and aggregates
 Increases strengths and load bearing capacities
 Controls volume change during wet / dry cycles

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Soil Stabilization

Soil Modification

 Improvement of soil behavior

Soil Stabilization

 Increases strength and structural values

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 Preamble
• The first asphalt road was constructed in the US about 100 years
ago in New Jersey.
• There are currently about 2.2 million miles of roadway surfaced
by asphalt concrete Pavements (Huang, 1993).
• Flexible pave. are made up of bituminous and granular materials.
• A typical flexible pavement section can be idealized as a multi-
layered system consisting of asphalt layers resting on soil layers
having different material properties .
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 Introduction…

• Methods of designing flexible pavements can be classified into

several categories :
• Empirical method with or without a soil test, limiting shear
failure, and the mechanistic empirical method (Huang, 1993).
• Currently, the design of flexible pavements is largely empirical.
However, mechanistic design is becoming more prevalent,
which requires the accurate evaluation of stresses and strains in
pavements due to wheel and axle loads. 5
Soil Stabilization Applications
 Pavements

 Building pads

 Parking lots

 Storage and truck yards

 Pond and Landfill liners

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 Stabilizers technique
• Traditional stabilizers
• Lime, Cement, Fly ash, Bituminous materials etc.

• Non-traditional stabilizers
• Chlorides, Clay additives, Electrolyte emulsions,
Lignosulfonates, Enzymatic emulsions

• By-product stabilizers
• Cement Kiln Dust, Lime Kiln Dust etc.

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How to select a stabilizer???

• Nature of soil

• Soil classification

• Consistency limits

• Purpose of work (Pavements)

– Low volume traffic

– High volume traffic

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Local available Waste Materials
Kankar U.P., Rajasthan
Dhandla Part of Rajasthan
Gravel NE, J&K, Himachal, Punjab, Bihar, MP, Orissa,
Gujarat, Maharashtra ,Tamilnadu
Laterite Parts of NE, Maharashtra, AP, TN, Karnataka & Kerala
Moorum MP, Orissa, Maharashtra, AP, Karnataka &TN
Marble Rajasthan, Gujarat etc.
waste
Fly ash In vicinity of Thermal Power plants
Slag In vicinity of Steel plants
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Methods of Soil Stabilization

• Mechanical Stabilization
• Soil Cement Stabilization
• Soil Lime Stabilization
• Soil Bitumen Stabilization
• Lime Fly ash Stabilization
• Lime Fly ash Bound Macadam
• Chemical Stabilization
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Dosages

• Type of soil
• Depends on the clay content
• Plasticity Index
• Waste products – Fly ash, GGBS, Rice husks,
Geotextiles, Arecanut coir, human hair and
shredded waste plastics can use effectively

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Objectives of Soil Compaction

• Increase in strength

• Reduction in compressibility

• Reduction in tendency for subsequent changes in

moisture content
• Reduction in erodibility

• Reduction in frost susceptibility

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Factors Influencing Compaction
• Type of soil
• Moisture content
– Dry of optimum
– Optimum
– Wet side of optimum
• Compactive effort
– Energy applied per unit weight of soil
• Weight of rammer, height of fall, number of blows
• Weight of roller, number of passes
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Blending of soils

• Adequate Strength
• Incompressibility
• Less Changes in Volume
• Stability with Variation in water content
• Good drainage, less frost Susceptibility
• Ease of Compaction
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Laboratory Methodology
Atterbergs limits
Sieve size analysis
FSI, Swell Pressure,
XRD and SEM
analysis
All Tests
as per
Proctor compaction
(OMC and MDD), IS
UCS, CBR , and
Permeability,
RLTT
ASTM
Procedures
Fatigue studies
Wetting and Drying
Freeze and Thawing
Cost analysis
Analysis
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Lab tests

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Lab tests preparation

• Oven dry soil / Air dry soil

• Uniform mix
• OMC, wet and dry side (+3% or -3%)
• Moist curing
• Curing periods varies from 0 to 6 months

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Field Methodology

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Field work before and after..

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Design Specifications

 Good and properly evaluated materials conforming to

respective IRC or BIS specifications shall be used
 Use of waste materials e.g. fly ash, slag, sludge etc. to
be explored, maintaining requirements of design &
performance
 Special efforts to be made for use of locally available
materials without compromising quality
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Pavement Design and Analysis

• In general, there are 3 approaches that can be used

to compute the stresses and strains in pavement
structures
• Layered elastic methods
• Two-dimensional (2D) finite element modelling
• Three-dimensional(3D) finite element modelling

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Pressure distribution through typical
granular materials

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Stress v/s strain of a material in
compression

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Wheel load distribution

• Load Distribution

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Structural Response Models
Different analysis methods for AC and PCC

• Layered system behavior. • Slab action predominates.

• All layers carry part of load. • Slab carries most load.

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Distribution of wheel load

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Pavement responses under load

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 Pavement analysis

• usually, bottom-up cracking

• use of multilayer elastic analysis

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Objects & requirements of pavements

Requirements
• Stable, Non Yielding Surface
• Least Rolling Resistance
• Smooth Riding Surface
• All Weather Roads
• Transfer Stresses over a wider area

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Objects & requirements of pavements

PROBLEMS
 High Moisture
• Weak and Soft Sub-grade
• Yielding under Heavy Wheel Loads
 Unevenness
• Increased VOC
• Discomfort
• Fatigue
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 Multi layer computer program
Computer Description
programs
KENLAYER • Can be applied to layered systems under single, dual, dual-tandem
wheel loads with each layer's material properties being linearly elastic ,
non-linearly elastic or visco-elastic.
• Based on the computed stresses
EVERSTRS This software is capable of determining the stresses, strains, and
deflections in a layered elastic system (semi-infinite) under a circular
surface loads. It can be used to analyze up to 5 layers, 20 loads, and 50
evaluation points .
ELSYM5 was developed by FHWA to analyze pavement structures up to five
different layers under 20 multiple wheel loads (Kopperman et al., 1986).

CHEVRON was developed by the Chevron research company and is based on linear
elastic theory. The original program allowed up to five structural layers
with one circular load area (Michelow, 1963). Revised versions now
accept more than 10 layers and up to 10 wheel loads (NHI, 2002).
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Multi layer computer programs…

• WESLEA
• ILLI-PAVE
• DAMA
• MnPAVE
• BISAR
• CIRCLY5
• MICHPAVE
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Typical input :

• Material properties: Modulus and Poisson ratio

• Layer thickness
• Loading conditions: magnitude of load, radius, or
contact pressure
Typical output :
• Stress σ
• Strain ε
• Deflection Δ
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Design Parameters

• Axle load – Single axle : 10 KN

Tandem : 20 KN
Tridem : 30 KN
• Maximum rut - 50 mm
• Design life - 15 yrs.

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Some failure roads in India

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Inadequate Compaction and Shoulders

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Slope failure beneath road pavement

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