THE COMPUTER

SYSTEM
 TERMINOLOGIES

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DATA analysis slide 2
- consists of raw facts represented with help of characters such as alphabets, digits,
special characters

INFORMATION
- organized or classified data which has some meaningful values for the receiver
- processed data on which decisions and actions are based

COMPUTER SYSTEM
- a set of integrated devices that input, output, process, and store data and
information.
 THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

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 PARTS OF A COMPUTER

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HARDWARE
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-all physical and tangible parts of a computer

• INPUT DEVICES – permit the user to communicate with the computer

• OUTPUT DEVICES – releases/displays the processed data
• STORAGE MEDIA – where the data and instructions are stored
1. Primary – or main memory, stores information for a brief amount of time
Example: RAM, Cache Memory, ROM
2. Secondary – stores large amount of data for extended periods of time
Example: hard drives, diskettes
• CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) – where the conversion and processing of data is done

SOFTWARE
-a set of instructions or program that tell a computer how to perform a specific task
• SYSTEM SOFTWARE
-collection of programs design to operate, control, or extend processing capabilities of a computer
• APPLICATION SOFTWARE
-designed to satisfy a particular need of a particular environment
PEOPLEWARE OR USER
RAM (Random Access Memory)

ROM (Read-Only Memory)

 MEMORY CAPACITY

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-the amountanalysis slide
of data which can be stored in a2storage unit
-expressed in terms of Bytes
Bit vs Byte

Bit is a binary digit, either Byte is composed of eight

0 or 1; smallest unit bits, can store 255 characters
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OVERVIEW OF THE 4
BASIC COMPUTER
PERIODS
 4 BASIC COMPUTER PERIODS

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The Pre-
mechanical Period
The Mechanical
Period
The
Electromechanical
The Electronic
Period
Period

• around 3000 BCE • around 1450- • around 1840- • 1940s to present

to 1450 CE 1840 1940 • The highlight of
• During this time, • During this time, • In this period, the this period is
human started the interest in use of electricity focused on the
communicating automating and for information advent of solid
with one another speeding up handling and state devices or
using words and numerical transfer electronic
pictograms calculation grew. bloomed. The devices. The four
curved in rocks. The machines need and the main events
Then they started driven by urgency to share found in this
to write symbols mechanical information with period are the
as substitutes for means such as one another in a late vacuum
pictures to depict steam and gears faster yet reliable tubes period, the
ideas, objects, dominated manner over transistors
and animals. information long distances period, the
These gave rise processing and aroused. This integrated
to our modern- calculation period saw the circuits period,
day alphabet use of the and the
telegraph to computer
transmit processors
information over period
long distances.
THE FIVE GENERATIONS
OF COMPUTER
 5 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

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First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation
Microprocessors
Fifth Generation
Artificial Intelligence
Transistors Integrated Circuits
Vacuum Tubes
-1940 to 1956 -1956 to 1963 -1964 to 1971 -1971 to Present -Present and Beyond
-The first computers used -Transistors replaced vacuum -Transistors were miniaturized -The microprocessor brought -Fifth generation computing
vacuum tubes for circuitry tubes and ushered in the and placed on silicon chips, the fourth generation of devices, based on artificial
and magnetic drums for second generation of called semiconductors, which computers, as thousands of intelligence, are still in
memory, and were often computers. The transistor was drastically increased the speed integrated circuits were built development, though there
enormous, taking up entire invented in 1947 but did not and efficiency of computers. onto a single silicon chip. are some applications, such
rooms. They were very see widespread use in instead of punched cards and What in the first generation as voice recognition, that are
expensive to operate and in computers until the late printouts, users interacted with filled an entire room could being used today. The use of
addition to using a great deal 1950s. The transistor was far third generation computers now fit in the palm of the parallel processing and
of electricity, generated a lot superior to the vacuum tube, through keyboards and hand. The Intel 4004 chip, superconductors is helping to
of heat, which was often the allowing computers to monitors and interfaced with developed in 1971, located all make artificial intelligence a
an operating system, which the components of the reality. Quantum computation
cause of malfunctions. become smaller, faster,
allowed the device to run computer—from the central
cheaper, more energy- and molecular and
many different applications at processing unit and memory
efficient and more reliable one time with a central to input/output controls—on nanotechnology will radically
than their first-generation program that monitored the change the face of computers
predecessors. a single chip. in years to come. The goal of
memory. Computers for the
first time became accessible to fifth-generation computing is
a mass audience because they to develop devices that
were smaller and cheaper than respond to natural language
their predecessors. input and are capable of
learning and self-
organization.
 FIRST GENERATION

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First generation computers reliedslide
on machine2language, the lowest-level programming language understood by
computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on
punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.
The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was the
first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.
 FIRST GENERATION

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 SECOND GENERATION

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 SECOND GENERATION

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 THIRD GENERATION

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 THIRD GENERATION

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 FOURTH GENERATION

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 FOURTH GENERATION

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 FIFTH GENERATION

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 FIFTH GENERATION

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