OSI Network Model

• Creates a network model that helps

network builders implement networks
that communicate and work together
(interoperate)
• Created to simplify internetworking
 Network Communications
• Most basic level of computer information
consists of binary digits, or bits (0s and 1s).
• Information that travels on a network is a
– Packet, Data or Data Packet
– A data packet is a logically grouped unit of
information that moves between computer
systems
• Travels from source to destination
 Networking Media
• Media is the material through which
data travels.
– Cat 5, Telephone Wire, Coax, Fiber Optic
– Atmosphere
– EM (electromagnetic) waves
 Computer Protocols
• A Protocol is a set of rules that make
communication on a network more
efficient.
• Communication occurs in layers. The
source layers communicates with the
same layer on the destination
 ISO and the OSI
• ISO – International Standards Organization
• OSI – Open System Interconnection
Reference Model released in 1984, was the
descriptive scheme they created. It provided
vendors with a set of standards that ensured
greater compatibility and interoperability
between the various types of network
technologies that were produced by the
many companies around the world.
 7 Layer Approach
• Layer 7: Application layer
• Layer 6: Presentation layer
• Layer 5: Session layer
• Layer 4: Transport layer
• Layer 3: Network layer
• Layer 2: Data link layer
• Layer 1: Physical layer
Reasons for Layered Design
 Application Layer
(Layer 7)
• The application layer is the OSI layer
that is closest to the user; it provides
network services to the user’s
applications.
• Examples of such applications are
spreadsheet programs, word
processing programs, and bank
terminal programs.
 Presentation Layer
(Layer 6)
• The presentation layer ensures that the
information that the application layer of
one system sends out is readable by
the application layer of another system.
• Common Data Format
– JPG, MPEG, MP3
 Session Layer
(Layer 5)
• Establishes, manages, and terminates
sessions between two communicating hosts.
• Provides its services to the presentation
layer
• Offers provisions for efficient data transfer,
class of service, and exception reporting of
session layer, presentation layer, and
application layer problems
 Transport Layer
(Layer 4)
• Segments data from the sending host's
system and reassembles the data into a data
stream on the receiving host's system
• Establishes, maintains, and properly
terminates virtual circuits
• Transport error detection-and-recovery and
information flow control
• Data represented as Segments
 Network Layer
(Layer 3)
• Network layer is a complex layer that
provides connectivity and path
selection between two host systems
that may be located on geographically
separated networks
– IP works at this layer
– Logical Addressing (IP addressing)
– Data represented as Packets
 Data Link Layer
(Layer 2)
• Data link layer provides reliable transit of
data across a physical link
• Concerned with physical (as opposed to
logical) addressing, network topology,
network access, error notification, ordered
delivery of frames, and flow control
• Physical Addressing (MAC addressing)
• Data represented as Frames
 Physical Layer
(Layer 1)
• Physical layer defines the electrical,
mechanical, procedural, and functional
specifications for activating, maintaining, and
deactivating the physical link between end
systems
• voltage levels, timing of voltage changes,
physical data rates, maximum transmission
distances, physical connectors
• Data represented as Bits (0011011)
 Layers
Layers are divided into two groups
• Application Layers (7, 6, 5)
– Application, Presentation and Session
• Data Flow Layers (4, 3, 2, 1)
– Transport, Network, Data Link and
Physical
 Encapsulation
• Encapsulation wraps
data with the
necessary protocol
information before
network transit
• As the data packet
moves down through
the layers of the OSI
model, it receives
headers, trailers, and
other information
 Peer-to-Peer Communications

• Each layer of the OSI

model at the source must
communicate with its peer
layer at the destination
• PDU – Protocol Data
Units
– (segments, packets,
frames, bits)
• Each layer depends on
the service function of the
OSI layer below it
 TCP/IP
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
– Layer 4
• Internet Protocol (IP)
– Layer 3
• Make data communication possible between
any two computers, anywhere in the world
 TCP/IP Model
• U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) created
the TCP/IP reference model because it
wanted a network that could survive any
conditions, even a nuclear war
• 4 Layers (Don’t confuse these with OSI
Layers)
– Application Layer
– Transport Layer
– Internet Layer
– Network Access Layer
TCP/IP vs OSI
 TCP/IP vs OSI
• Application Layer
– application layer that handles high-level
protocols, issues of representation,
encoding, and dialog control
• Transport Layer
– transport layer deals with the quality-of-
service issues of reliability, flow control,
and error correction
 TCP/IP vs OSI
• Internet Layer
– send source packets from any network on
the internetwork and have them arrive at
the destination independent of the path and
networks they took to get there
• Network Access Layer
– concerned with all of the issues that an IP
packet requires to actually make a physical
link, and then to make another physical link
 TCP/IP Protocols
• Protocol - a set of rules and conventions that
govern how devices on a network exchange
information
• Application Layer Protocols
– FTP - File Transfer Protocol
– HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol
– SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer protocol
– DNS - Domain Name System
– TFTP - Trivial File Transfer Protocol
 TCP/IP Protocols
• Transport Layer Protocols
– transmission control protocol (TCP)
– user datagram protocol (UDP)
• Internet Layer Protocols
– IP serves as a universal protocol that
allows any computer, anywhere, to
communicate at any time.
Focus of CCNA Curriculum