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Bahan:

TERPENOID
• Dewick, P, 2002, Medicinal Natural Products: a biosynthetic approach
• Seigler Seigler, , D, 1998, Plant secondary metabolism, Kluwer Academic Publisher
• Bruneton J., 1999., Pharmacognosy., 2nd ., Intercept Ltd., French.
• Evans WC., 2002., Tease and Evans Farmacognosy., 15th ., WB Sounders. London.
• Robers JE., Speedie MK., Tyler VE., 1996, Farmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology., Williems & Wilkins., A
Waverly Company.,London.
• Houghtoun, P.J. and Rahman, A., Chapman & Hall, 1998, Laboratory Handbook for the
fractination of natural extracts 1st edition.
• Sukhdev et al., 2008, Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
International Centre for Science and High TechnologyICS-UNIDO, AREA Science Park
• Wagner, H and Bladt,1996, PLANT DRUG ANALYSIS, Munich Springer
• Harborn, JB (1987), Metode Faitokimia, penuntun cara modern menganalisis tumbuhan
(terjemahan Kosasih P dan Iwang S)., Penerbit ITB-Banadung
• Thiel and Hendricks F, 2004, STUDY INTO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN AROMA AND
FRAGRANCE FINE CHEMICALS VALUE CHAIN IN SOUTH AFRICA Triumph Venture
Capital.
• WHO, 1998, Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials World Health
Organization Geneva
Content
1 Definition, Classification, Biosintesis of terpenoid

2 Physical-Chemical Properties

3 Isolation-Examples

4 Qualitative analysis

5 Quantitative analysis
(photosynthesis)
Polysaccharides
Glycosides
Nucleic Acids

phosphoenol
pyruvate Shikimate pathway (1)
Aromatic Compounds
Lignans
Shikimate

pyruvate
aromatic amino acids
aliphatic amino acids
Alkaloids (2)
Peptides
CITRIC Penicillins
acetyl ACID
CoA CH3COSCoA CYCLE Cyclic Peptides

CH3COSCoA

-
O2CCH2COSCoA CH3COCH2COSCoA

Isoprenoids (terpenes, steroids,


CH3COSCoA

CH3COSCoA

mevalonate
(3) carotenoids)
(4)
Polyketides, Fatty Acids Prostaglandins, Macrocyclic Antibiotics
Simple building blocks serve as the basis for each major
pathway of secondary metabolism:

(1) Shikimate Aromatics (ring - C3 chain)

(2) Amino acids Alkaloids, Penicillins


(N-containing)

(3) Mevalonate Terpenes, Steroids

(4) Acetate Polyketides


(aromatics, macrocycles)
TERPENOID
 Berasal dari penggabungan unit isoprene (C5) melalui fashion kepala- ekor.
 Rumus molekul (C5)n
• Kelompok metabolit sekunder terbesar  tersebar hampir pada semua jenis
tanaman
• Terpenoid dapat dikatakn sebagai modifikasi dari terpen, dimana gugus metil
dihilangkan atau penambahan atom oksigen
• Kegunaan bagi tanaman : bahan pertahanan thd herbivore, hormone tanaman &
signal molekul.

CH3 tail

H2C C CH CH2
Isoprene unit
1 2 3 4
head C5
• The biologically active isoprene units
 as pyrophosphate esters :
IPP (Isopentenyl pyrophosphate)
 DMAPP (Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate)
CLASSIFICATION…..
Carbon Isoprene Terpenes  
atoms units

10 2 Monoterpenes 1

15 3 Sesquiterpenes 2

20 4 Diterpenes 3

25 5 Sesterpenes 4

30 6 Triterpenes 5

40 8 Carotenoids 6

500 > 100 > Rubber 7


BENTUK BENTUK TERPEN
• asiklik - - - - - - - - - rantai terbuka
• monosiklik - - - - - bercincin tunggal
• bisiklik - - - - - - - - bercincin dua
• trisiklik - - - - - - - - bercincin tiga
• dan seterusnya
MONOTERPENOID
•  terbentuk dari 2 isoprena mpy 10 atom C.
• Komponen utama dalam minyak atsiri (mudah menguap), sbg
bau-bauan (manfaatnya sbg parfum). Cairan tak berwarna, tdk
larut dlm air. Kebanyakan fungsinya bersifat ekologi ketimbang
fisiologi.
• Contoh penggunaan di bidang medis :
– Kamfer (Cinnamomum camphora) sbg antipruritik (0,1-3%);
konter iritan (11%); antiradang; stimulansia syaraf perifer;
pereda nyeri pada kulit
– Mentol (Mentha arvensis) digunakan dlm salep dan obat
gosok utk gatal; melebarkan pembuluh darah (0,1-1%),
memberi kesan “dingin” pada kulit; antipruritik; konter iritan
(bersama kamfor)
MONOTERPENA
• Monoterpena asiklik dan monosiklik
OH
CHO

CHO

osimena mirsena geranial neral linalool

CHO CHO

OH O O

limonena mentol fellandral piperitona 1,8-sineol


MONOTERPENA
• Monoterpena bisiklik

4 OH
O
3 5

2 6 OH
1 7

sabonena tujona kar-3-ena mirtenol fensil alkohol


Monoterpene components
• Hydrocarbons

• Alcohols
• Aldehydes

Citral

• Ketones
• Esters

• Oxides
Monocyclic terpene Alcohols (Menthol)
Mentha sp
• Mentha piperita (peppermint oil): 50-75% menthol, menthone etc
• Mentha spicata (spearmint oil): 50-75% L-carvone; some minor components
similar to peppermint but major components differ giving different smell and taste
• Mentha arvensis (Japanese peppermint oil/cornmint) 75-90% menthol
bau minyak atsiri tidak disukai  digunakan sbg penghasil menthol
Isolasi menthol :
• Menthol is usually prepared from the oil is cooled to + 15ºC in a freezing mixture
and the deposited menthol crystals are separated by centrifugation of the oil. The
remaining oil is then cooled to + 5°C and the crystals again removed by
centrifugation. The process is repeated a third time at – l0°C.
• Starting from a natural oil containing about 85% I-menthol, the residual oil, after
the third treatment, will still contain 40-50% natural l-menthol and some menthone
(its corresponding ketone). This ketone can removed from the mixture by
conversion into its oxime. The oxime is extracted from the etherial solution
through shaking with dilute sulphuric acid. The I-menthol will be obtained on
cooling in solid crystalline form, m.p. 42 -43°C.
Menthol is also prepared synthetically (dl-) / Synthetic racemic menthol
 is produced by hydrogenation of thymol  identified by the following method:
Determination of the melting point (42-43°C).
Camphor
Source: Camphor oil,  wood and leaves of the camphor
tree (Cinnamomum camphora).
Identification :
Camphor is warmed with 1% vanillin/HCI :
• Natural camphor develops a yellow colour, on further heating
gives a blue, green and finally a presistant indigo blue colour is
obtained.
• Synthetic camphor gives no reaction (only a yellow-colour). Very
pure camphor gives negative colour reaction which indicates that
the colour reaction is caused by slight contamination of the
camphor with constituents of camphor oil.
• Natural camphor is dextrorotatory while synthetic is racemic.
β-pinene (Nopinene) & α- Pinene

• α- Pinene is very widely distributed in nature, being found in most


volatile oils of the Coniferae. It is the main constituent of oil of
turpentine. The turpentine oil is separated from the resin (colophony)
by steam distillation.
• Pure α-pinene is obtained from the above fraction of turpentine oil by
repeated fractional distillation, followed by conversion to the crystalline
nitrosochloride, from which α-pinene, is liberated by treatment with
aniline.
• α-pinene is used as starting material for different synthetically prepared
compounds: Preparation of borneol and camphor
SESKUITERPENOID
• Seskuiterpenoid: C15, biasanya berasal dr 3 satuan
isoprena.
• Juga terdapat pada komponen minyak atsiri sbg
pemberi aroma pd buah dan bunga
• Mempunyai bioaktifitas, sebagai antimikroba ,
antifeedant (ekologi), hormon,memghambat
pertumbuhan kuncup pd tanaman ttt, regulator
pertumbuhan tanaman dan pemanis (fisiologi) dll
• Contoh dalam sediaan medis: artemisinin mrp obat
anti-malaria.
Sesquiterpenes (C15)
• Asiklik

• Monosiklik

O
O
OH O
farnesol zingiberena
Eriophyllum lanatum
Artemisin
• Sumber: Artemisia annua (Asteraceae)
• Yang dipanen : daun dan bunga
• Guna : anti malaria; anti parasit
Matricaria recutita
(Contain 3 isoprene units)
• Acyclic – E.g. Farnesol (Oil of Citronalla)
• Monocyclic – E.g. Bisobolol
• Bicyclic e.g. Chamezulene (Chamomile oil)
• Anti radang; Anti kejang; Korigen
odoris minuman kesehatan
Tanacetum partenium
• Yang dipanen Minyak atsiri dari daun
• Isolasi minyak atsiri : distilasi uap
• Guna : Antipiretik, merangsang keluarnya
saliva; migrain
Monoterpen dan seskuiterpen
sebagian besar adalah
komponen minyak atsiri
Nama lain minyak atsiri
Volatil oil = minyak menguap
= minyak terbang

Etherial oil = minyak seperti eter,


= pemberi aroma / bau

Essensial oil = minyak essens


pemberi aroma / bau
Minyak atsiri, biasanya ada di seluruh
organ tanaman, kecuali
Pada Rosa sinensis, pada petal bunga.
Pada Cinamomum, pada korteks dan daun.
Pada Foeniculi vulgare, pada perikap buah.
Pada Labiatae, pada rambut kelenjar.
Pada Citrus, pada kulit buah.
Potensi keanekaragaman tanaman aromatik
(penghasil minyak atsiri)

Sudah berkembang
No Nama Minyak Nama Dagang Nama Tanaman Kegunaan

1. Nilam Patchouli oil Pogestemon cablin Parfum, sabun


2. Serai wangi Citronella oil Andropogon nardus Parfum, sabun
3. Akar wangi Vetiver oil Vetiveria zizanoides Parfum, sabun
4. Kenanga Cananga oil Canangium odoratum Parfum, sabun
5. Cendana Sandalwood oil Santalum album Parfum, sabun
6. Kayu putih Cajeput oil Melaleuca leucadendron Farmasi
7. Daun cengkeh Clove leaf oil Syzygium aromaticum Parfum, farmasi,
makanan, rokok
8. Gagang cengkeh Clove stem oil Syzygium aromaticum Idem
9. Bunga cengkeh Clove bud oil Syzygium aromaticum Idem
10. Pala Nutmeg oil Myristica fragrans Makanan, rokok
11. Lada Black pepper oil Piper nigrum Makanan, minuman
12. Jahe Ginger oil Zingiber officinale Makanan, minuman
Potensi keanekaragaman tanaman aromatik
(penghasil minyak atsiri)
Sedang berkembang
No. Nama Minyak Nama Dagang Nama Tanaman Kegunaan

1. Masoi Massoi oil Criptocaria massoia Makanan


2. Kulit manis Cinnamon Bark Cinnamomum burmanii Makanan, farmasi
3. Daun kayu manis Cinnamon leaf oil Cinnamomum casea Makanan, farmasi
4. Ylang-ylang Ylang-ylang oil Canangium odoratum Parfum, sabun
5. Serai dapur Lemon Grass oil Cymbopogon flexyosus Makanan, farmasi
(East India)
6. Serai dapur Lemon Grass oil Cymbopogon citratus Makanan, farmasi
(West Indian)
7. Gaharu Agarwood oil Aquilaria sp Parfum
Klausena Clausena/Anis oil Clausena anisata Farmasi, minuman,
8 parfum, rokok
. Permen Cormint oil Mentha arvensis Farmasi, rokok,
makanan
9. Kemukus Cubeb oil Piper cubeba Makanan, farmasi

10.
Potensi untuk dikembangkan
1. Kayu manis Cinnamon Bark oil Cinnamomum casea Makanan, farmasi
2. Daun kayu manis Cinnamon leaf oil Cinnamomum casea Makanan, farmasi
3. Kulit manis Cinnamon leaf oil Cinnamomum zeylanicum Makanan, farmasi
4. Daun manis Cinnamon leaf oil (Ceylon) Cinnamomum zeylanicum Mkanan, farmasi
5. Fuli pala Mace oil Myristica fragrans Makanan, farmasi
6. Permen Cormint oil Mentha arvensis Makanan, minuman,
farmasi, rokok
7. Palmarosa Palmarosa oil Cymbopogon martini Farmasi
8. Teh pohon (hitam) Tea tree oil (Black) Melaleuca bracteata Farmasi
9. Teh pohon (putih) Tea tree oil (White) Melaleuca alternifolia Farmasi
10. Temulawak Curcuma oil Curcuma xanthorriza Farmasi, minuman
11. Kapol Cardamon oil Amomum cardamomum Farmasi
12. Kapolaga Cardamon oil Elletaria cardamomum Farmasi
13. Surawung pohon Native myrthle oil Backhousia citriodora Farmasi
14. Adas Fennel oil Bitter type Foenicullum vulgare Farmasi
15. Kemukus Cubeb oil Piper cubeba Farmasi
16. Serai ginger Ginger Grass oil Cymbopogon martini Farmasi
17. Time Thymus oil Thymus vulgaris Farmasi
18. Proseres Proseres oil Andropogon procerus Parfum, sabun
19. Rosemari Rosemari oil Rosmarinus officinale Farmasi
20. Keuanyam Geranium oil Pelargonium graveolens Farmasi
21. Basil Basil oil (Reunion type) Ocimum basillicum Farmasi
22. Selasih Mekah Basil oil (Eugenol type) Ocimum grattisimum Farmasi, makanan
23. Krangean Litsea oil Litsea cubeba Farmasi
24. Jeringau Calamus oil Acarus calamus Farmasi
25. E. Citriodora E. citriodora oil Eucalyptus citriodora Farmasi
26. Spearmin Spearmint oil Mentha spicata Farmasi
27. Kunyit Curcuma oil Curcuma domestica Farmasi, minuman
28. Jeruk purut Lime oil Citrus hystrix Makanan
29. Ketumbar Coriander oil Coriandrum sativum Makanan, farmasi
30. Gandapura - Gaultheria fragrantissima Farmasi
31. Bangle - Zingiber cassummunar Farmasi

Sumber : Balitro; Kemala (1990); Hobir (2002)


Sifat-sifat Minyak atsiri

 Berbau khas, sesuai aroma tanaman penghasilnya


 Tersusun dari banyak macam komponen senyawa
 Mudah menguap pada suhu kamar tanpa mengalami dekomposisi
 Mempunyai rasa getir (pungent taste)
 Umumnya larut dalam pelarut organik (alkohol, eter, petroleum).
 Agak sukar larut dalam air, tetapi dapat memberikan baunya kepada air.
 Tidak meninggalkan bekas noda pada benda yang ditempel
 Tidak bisa disabunkan dengan alkali dan tidak bisa berubah menjadi tengik
(rancid)
 Indeks bias umumnya tinggi
 Bersifat optis aktif (memutar bidang polarisari) dengan rotasi yang spesifik
 Mempunyai berat jenis tertentu (0.8-1.17), umumnya < bj air kecuali
minyak cengkeh dan cinnamon.
ISOLASI MINYAK ATSIRI

1. Distillation (geranium, lavender, rose, …)


2. Penekanan (citrus oils)
3. Ekstraksi dengan lemak
a. Enfleurasi (ekstraksi dengan lemak dingin)
b. Maserasi (ekstraksi dengan lemak panas)
4. Ekstraksi dengan pelarut atsiri / pelarut organik
5. Ekstraksi fluida superkritik
DISTILASI
Faktor-faktor yang menentukan hasil penyulingan :
1. Jenis dan penanganan bahan baku yang akan disuling
2. Jenis, distribusi dan debit uap yang digunakan
3. Bahan penyusun ketel penyulingan
4. Dimensi alat penyuling
5. Metode penyulingan yang digunakan
PROSES PRODUKSI : PENYULINGAN

 Penyulingan dengan uap


 Penyulingan dengan uap dan
air
 Penyulingan dengan air
1. Destilasi air (water distilation)

Outlet
Condenser

Inlet

Fractionating Column

Bottomed Flask

Hot plate/boiler

Hydro- Distillation using Clevenger Apparatus Distilasi Stahl


Penyulingan dengan air (water distillation)
2. Destilasi dengan uap dan air
Penyulingan dengan uap dan air (steam and water distillation)
2. Destilasi uap
(steam distilation)

- Tekanan uap dinaikkan


bertahap (1 atm sampai
3 atm.)
- Suhu harus diawasi spy
Bahanr tidak melampaui ”super
heated steam” 
dekomposisi, resinifikasi.
Penyulingan dengan uap langsung (steam distillation)
METODE PENEKANAN
• The reason for extracting citrus oils from fruit peel using mechanical
methods is the relative thermal instability of the aldehydes
contained in them.
• Terpenoid aldehydes such as neral, geranial, citronellal, and perilla
aldehyde as well as the a- and b-sinensals are sensitive to oxidation.
• example
1. Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.)...Lime oil...Pericarp; fruit juice
2. Citrus aurantium L., ..Bitter orange oil ..Flower, pericarp, leaf, and
little green fruits
3. Citrus bergamia (Risso et Poit.),Citrus aurantium L.
subsp...Bergamot oil.. Pericarp, leaf
4. Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f... Lemon oil.. Flower, pericarp, leaf,.
5. Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck,..Sweet orange oil.. Pericarp
LIME OIL
• Lime oil of commerce can be either cold pressed or steam
distilled. The products of this process, consisting mainly of
limonene, are used in the solvent industry.
C. Enfleurage (dengan lemak dingin)

• Cara pembuatan minyak atsiri dengan menggunakan penjerap


lemak tidak berbau yang dibuat lapisan tipis pada plat kaca.
• Helaian bunga ditempatkan di atas lapisan lemak kemudian ditutup
beberapa jam, diganti berulang-ulang dengan bahan segar.
• Lemak jenuh minyak atsiri disebut ‘pomade’
• Minyak yang diserap oleh lapisan lemak diekstraksi dengan alkohol.
• Digunakan untuk minyak atsiri dari bahan segar seperti mahkota
bunga.
• Digunakan untuk parfum karena minyak yang dihasilkan kualitasnya
bagus.
flower petals

an odorless, bland fixed oil (olive oil)


or fat >>> pomades

•the volatile oil may be removed by


extraction with alcohol or by distillation
MASERASI DENGAN LEMAK PANAS
D. Ekstraksi dengan pelarut organik
1. Digunakan pelarut organik eter minyak bumi atau
benzena.
- Keuntungan : temperatur dapat diatur
minyak berbau alamiah
- Digunakan di industri parfum.

2. Ekstraksi dengan CO2


- Semua tanaman kering dpt langsung diekstraksi
menggunakan CO2 pada tekanan tertentu.
- CO2 bekerja spt pelarut lain,
- Banyak digunakan di industri parfum.
Keuntungan Pemilihan CO2 :
• Tidak berwarna , tidak berbau, tidak berasa
• Tidak dapat terbakar
• Murah dan mudah diperoleh
• Mudah dihilangkan tanpa meninggalkan bekas
• Viskositas rendah shg dapat berpenetrasi dg baik
• Suhu dan tekanan dapat diatur dengan pemisahan selektif.

Kekurangan penggunaan CO2 :


Kelarutan senyawa dalam CO2 cair
BM < 250 larut baik : monoterpena hidrokarbon
BM 250-400 kurang baik
BM > 400 hampir tidak larut : malam, polifenol,
Karbohidrat, karoten, klorofil dll.
PARTS OF PLANTS USED
Part of Plant Essential Oil Popular Processing Methods
carbon dioxide extraction
Berries allspice, juniper
steam distillation
carbon dioxide extraction
Seeds anise, celery, cumin, nutmeg oil
steam distillation
Bark cassia, sassafras solvent extraction
camphor, cedar, rosewood, sandalwood, water distillation
Wood
agarwood hydrodiffusion
Rhizome ginger carbon dioxide extraction
basil, bay leaf, sage, eucalyptus, lemongrass,
melaleuca, patchouli, peppermint, pine,
Leaves water and steam distillation
rosemary, spearmint, tea tree, thyme,
wintergreen
solvent extraction
Resin frankincense, myrrh
steam distillation
chamomile, clary sage, clove, geranium,
steam distillation
Flowers hyssop, jasmine, lavender, marjoram,
solvent extraction
orange, rose, ylang-ylang
Peel bergamot, grapefruit, orange, tangerine cold pressing
steam distillation
Root valerian
hydrodiffusion
METODE ANALISIS
1. Transparency
2. Color.
3. Odour: Different oil have their special odour and
taste. Determination: oil sample in beaker—heat to
50℃--stirring – smell and degust.
4. Taste
5. Relative density
6. Refractive Index
7. TLC
8. GC
9. IR-Spektroftmtr
10. UV-Spektrftmtr
QUALITY CONTROL (by CEOS)

 Profile kromatografi (GC-GC/MS)


 Berat jenis relatif dan spesifik dengan piknometer METODE
 Indeks bias dengan REFRAKTOMETER INSTRUMENT
 Putaran optik dengan POLARIMETER ASI
 Titik beku dengan FREEZER
 Angka asam
 Angka ester
 Angka karbon METODE KIMIA
 Angka CD dengan UV-Vis
 Fenol konten
 Residu penguapan
Transparency

1) Observe the transparency of oil sample under incandescent light when


sample was kept at a definite temperature for a definite time.
2) Determination:
Oil sample in 100 ml colorimetric cylinder—kept 20℃ for 24h—
observe under incandescent light—transparent or not
3) If the oil sample is cool, it must be heated to 50℃, and then cooled to
20℃ to observe.
Refractive Index

Refractive index at 20°C= 1.472-1.479 . EX. TES FOR


LEMON GRASS

Principle: Determination of concentration of volatile oils.


Determination of oil whether it falls at the expected range.

Positive result: Within the range


1.472-1.479
Experimental result: 1.472

Refractomete
r
Refraktometer Abbe
Uji kelarutan
Qualitative tests (General test) …COLOUR
Aqueous FeCl3 (1%)
0.5 ml oil solution in a clean test tube + 2 dps of 1% aq. FeCl3

Menthol Thymol Eugenol Vanillin Methyl salicylate


- Yellow
ve green color green color dark blue violet color
I. Qualitative tests (Special Tests)

Menthol, Thymol, Eugenol, Vanillin, Methyl salicylate


 Menthol
 0.5 ml of oil solution in a clean test tube + 2 drops of (1%) aq. FeCl3
Yellow color
 0.5 ml of oil solution in a clean porcelain dish W.B residue,
dissolve in drops of Conc. H2SO4 + drops of vanillin/H2SO4
orange yellow dps of H2O Reddish violet color.
 Special test for thymol gives –ve result
 Few crystals of menthol are dissolved in glacial acetic acid then 3
drops of con H2SO4 and one drop of HNO3 are added, no green colour
is produced (c.f. Thymol which gives a green colour).
• Thymol
 0.5 ml of oil solution in a clean test tube + 2
drops of (1%) aq. FeCl3 + Ve (Green
color).
 0.5 ml of oil solution in a clean porcelain dish
W.B residue, dissolve in 0.5 ml of glacial
acetic acid + dps of Conc. H2SO4 + dps of Conc.
HNO3 green color.
N.B. This test is –ve for menthol.
OH
OH
Eugenol OCH3

 0.5 ml of oil solution in a clean test tube CH2 CH CH2

+ 2drops of (1%) aq. FeCl3 + Ve (Green color).


 0.5 ml of oil solution in a clean test tube + 2 drops of (2%) alc.
FeCl3 Green to bluish green color.
 0.5 ml of oil solution in a clean test tube + 2 drops of aq.
saturated FeCl3 Green color + 2 ml H2O turbid
brown.
COOCH3
OH

Vanillin
 0.5 ml of oil solution in a clean test tube + 2 drops
of (1%) aq. FeCl3 + Ve (Blue to dark blue color).
CHO

Methyl salicylate OCH 3

 0.5 ml of oil solution in a clean test


OH
tube + 2 drops
of (1%) aq. FeCl3 + Ve (Violet color).

N.B. DON’T leave the oil on W.B too much, when


making a residue.
2,4- Dinitrophenylhydrazone Test
- Test for aldehydes & sterically unhinedered ketone
• Reagents: 95% ethanol and 2,4-DNP reagent (2,4-
Dinitrophenylhydrazine
• Procedure:
• Dissolve 2-3 drops of test compound in 2 mL 95% ethanol in a
small test tube and mix with 2 mL of the 2,4-DNP reagent.
• Look for the formation of an orange-yellow precipitate to
indicate the presence of an aldehyde or ketone
• Positive Result: Orange hydrazone ppt. indicates the presence
of a ketone (conjugated), yellow hydrazone ppt. indicates an
aldehyde (non-conjugated)
• Experimental Result: Yellow globules

Endapan kuning
. Bromine Test
- Test for unsaturation

Alkene

Alkyne

Principle: Radical substitution reaction


Procedure:
• Bromine is added drop by drop to the test
compound, with shaking, until the bromine color
persists

Positive Result:
Discharging of the bromine
color without the evolution
of hydrogen bromide gas

Experimental Result:
Discharging of the bromine
color (colorless solution)
Pereaksi Fuchsin-Aldehyde (pereaksi Schiff)

OH
HO OH

O
HO OH

Pembentukan larutan violet-purple


Identifikasi Alkena

Uji Kalium permanganat

                                                   

Hilangnya warna KMnO4 (ungu)


Reaksi oksidasi pada minyak atsiri
• Proses oksidasi dapat berlangsung bila tjd kontak
antara udara dengan minyak. Terjadinya reaksi
oksidasi ini menyebabkan perubahan bau dan warna,
juga dapat menurunkan kualitas minyak dan
menyebabkan menaikkan bilangan asam.
• Peroksida yang terbentuk akan pecah karena
berisomerisasi dengan adanya air,menjadi senyawa
aldehid, asam bebas dan keton yang menyebabkan
bau yang tidak dikehendaki
TLC
Cromatography solvent
Deteksi
Spray reagents
• Anisaldehide-sulphuric acid 110 o C/10 min.
Evaluation in vis:show strong blue, green, red and
brown colouration. Most of the compounds
develop fluorescence under uv-365.
• Vanillin-sulphuric acid 110 o C/10 min Evaluation in
vis
• terpenoid sangat beraneka ragam strukturnya dan tidak memiliki gugus yang
uniform terkait reaktifitas kecuali ikatan gandanya maka secara kimia terpenoid
diidentifikasi dengan penyemprotan pereaksi vanillin-asam sulfat atau
anisaldehida-asam sulfat yang akan menghasilkan warna-warna ungu, kuning
coklat, hitam pada sinar tampak.
• Vanillin dan anisaldehida memperpanjang rantai terkonjugasi dari senyawa target.
Atau kadang dilakukan reaksi oksidasi, yang diperkirakan terlepasnya beberapa
hidrogen meningkatnya jumlah ikatan ganda sehingga terbentuk warna violet pada
cahaya tampak.
• dengan pereaksi umum serium (IV) sulfat yang akan menghasilkan warna ungu, biru
atau kuning.
terpen UV Bromin 2,4-DNP H2SO4 Con

limonen - + - coklat
α-Pinen - + - Coklat
pulegon + + + Kuning
Geraniol - + - Lembayung
karvon + + + Merah jambu
simena + + - -
terpineol - + - hijau
II-Quantitative determination
Determination of Aldehydes in volatile oils
• Example: Cinnamic aldehyde in Cinnamon oil
Cinnamon oil (E.P) should contain not less than 50% and not
more than 70% w/w of cinnamic aldehyde.
Principle of assay:
R.CHO+NH2OH.HCl R- CH=NOH+ H2O+HCl
The liberated equivalent amount of HCl is titrated against
standard alkali.
CHO
Procedure
Uji Hidroksilamin Hidroklorida
• Pipette 5 ml of cinnamon oil into stoppered flask, add 10 ml
of hydroxyl amine.HCl and shake well.
• Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator, the solution is
colored red.
• Shake and neutralize the liberated HCl with N/2 KOH until the
red color changes to yellow color and the yellow color must
be permanent after shaking vigorously for 2 min.

Perubahan warna dari orange ke merah


 Calculate the %w/w of aldehyde
 % of cinnamic aldehyde = E.P X 0.066032 X 1.008 X 100
wt of the oil in gm
wt of the oil = 7.7 gm
0.066032 is the equivalence
1.008 is a correction factor
 Comment on the oil percent and its acceptance
Penetapan kadar eugenol dalam minyak cengkeh
• Eugenol termasuk golongan Fenol, sehingga dapat
disabunkan oleh NaOH membentuk garam. Natrium
eugenolat yang larut dalam air. Dengan melakukan
penyabunan minyak cengkeh pada alat labu Cassia yang
berskala pada lehernya, karena terpen tidak dapat
disabunkan dan tidak larut dalam air, maka volume terpen
bisa diketahui. Volume minyak eugenol dapat diketahui
dari selisih anatara volume minyak cengkeh dikurangi
volume terpen.
Penetapan kadar sitronellal dalam minyak sereh
• Minyak sereh diperoleh dari hasil penyulingan batang
atau akar tumbuhan sereh. Minyak sereh merupakan
sumber geraniol dan sitronellal. Mutu minyak sereh
ditentukan oleh kandungan kedua komponen tersebut
terutama sitronellal. Sitronellal termasuk golongan
alkanal. Sehingga dapat ditetapkan dengan Metode
Asidimetri, dimana sitronellal direaksikan dengan
hidroksilamin-HCl akan membebaskan HCl, lalu HCl
direaksikan dengan KOH-alkohol berlebih, maka
kelebihan KOH-alkohol akan dititrs oleh HCl. Dengan
dilakukan blanko, maka kadar sitronellal dapat
diketahui.
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PROFILE

TLC of 10 essential
oils with vanilin GC chromatogram of citronella oil on HP-5 (5 %
reagent Phenyl Methyl Siloxane) column
Wednesday, August 23, 2023
KROMATOGRAM MINYAK SEREH WANGI

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