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7 Terpenoid + Minyak Atsiri 2019-1
7 Terpenoid + Minyak Atsiri 2019-1
TERPENOID
• Dewick, P, 2002, Medicinal Natural Products: a biosynthetic approach
• Seigler Seigler, , D, 1998, Plant secondary metabolism, Kluwer Academic Publisher
• Bruneton J., 1999., Pharmacognosy., 2nd ., Intercept Ltd., French.
• Evans WC., 2002., Tease and Evans Farmacognosy., 15th ., WB Sounders. London.
• Robers JE., Speedie MK., Tyler VE., 1996, Farmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology., Williems & Wilkins., A
Waverly Company.,London.
• Houghtoun, P.J. and Rahman, A., Chapman & Hall, 1998, Laboratory Handbook for the
fractination of natural extracts 1st edition.
• Sukhdev et al., 2008, Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
International Centre for Science and High TechnologyICS-UNIDO, AREA Science Park
• Wagner, H and Bladt,1996, PLANT DRUG ANALYSIS, Munich Springer
• Harborn, JB (1987), Metode Faitokimia, penuntun cara modern menganalisis tumbuhan
(terjemahan Kosasih P dan Iwang S)., Penerbit ITB-Banadung
• Thiel and Hendricks F, 2004, STUDY INTO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN AROMA AND
FRAGRANCE FINE CHEMICALS VALUE CHAIN IN SOUTH AFRICA Triumph Venture
Capital.
• WHO, 1998, Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials World Health
Organization Geneva
Content
1 Definition, Classification, Biosintesis of terpenoid
2 Physical-Chemical Properties
3 Isolation-Examples
4 Qualitative analysis
5 Quantitative analysis
(photosynthesis)
Polysaccharides
Glycosides
Nucleic Acids
phosphoenol
pyruvate Shikimate pathway (1)
Aromatic Compounds
Lignans
Shikimate
pyruvate
aromatic amino acids
aliphatic amino acids
Alkaloids (2)
Peptides
CITRIC Penicillins
acetyl ACID
CoA CH3COSCoA CYCLE Cyclic Peptides
CH3COSCoA
-
O2CCH2COSCoA CH3COCH2COSCoA
CH3COSCoA
mevalonate
(3) carotenoids)
(4)
Polyketides, Fatty Acids Prostaglandins, Macrocyclic Antibiotics
Simple building blocks serve as the basis for each major
pathway of secondary metabolism:
CH3 tail
H2C C CH CH2
Isoprene unit
1 2 3 4
head C5
• The biologically active isoprene units
as pyrophosphate esters :
IPP (Isopentenyl pyrophosphate)
DMAPP (Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate)
CLASSIFICATION…..
Carbon Isoprene Terpenes
atoms units
10 2 Monoterpenes 1
15 3 Sesquiterpenes 2
20 4 Diterpenes 3
25 5 Sesterpenes 4
30 6 Triterpenes 5
40 8 Carotenoids 6
CHO
CHO CHO
OH O O
4 OH
O
3 5
2 6 OH
1 7
• Alcohols
• Aldehydes
Citral
• Ketones
• Esters
• Oxides
Monocyclic terpene Alcohols (Menthol)
Mentha sp
• Mentha piperita (peppermint oil): 50-75% menthol, menthone etc
• Mentha spicata (spearmint oil): 50-75% L-carvone; some minor components
similar to peppermint but major components differ giving different smell and taste
• Mentha arvensis (Japanese peppermint oil/cornmint) 75-90% menthol
bau minyak atsiri tidak disukai digunakan sbg penghasil menthol
Isolasi menthol :
• Menthol is usually prepared from the oil is cooled to + 15ºC in a freezing mixture
and the deposited menthol crystals are separated by centrifugation of the oil. The
remaining oil is then cooled to + 5°C and the crystals again removed by
centrifugation. The process is repeated a third time at – l0°C.
• Starting from a natural oil containing about 85% I-menthol, the residual oil, after
the third treatment, will still contain 40-50% natural l-menthol and some menthone
(its corresponding ketone). This ketone can removed from the mixture by
conversion into its oxime. The oxime is extracted from the etherial solution
through shaking with dilute sulphuric acid. The I-menthol will be obtained on
cooling in solid crystalline form, m.p. 42 -43°C.
Menthol is also prepared synthetically (dl-) / Synthetic racemic menthol
is produced by hydrogenation of thymol identified by the following method:
Determination of the melting point (42-43°C).
Camphor
Source: Camphor oil, wood and leaves of the camphor
tree (Cinnamomum camphora).
Identification :
Camphor is warmed with 1% vanillin/HCI :
• Natural camphor develops a yellow colour, on further heating
gives a blue, green and finally a presistant indigo blue colour is
obtained.
• Synthetic camphor gives no reaction (only a yellow-colour). Very
pure camphor gives negative colour reaction which indicates that
the colour reaction is caused by slight contamination of the
camphor with constituents of camphor oil.
• Natural camphor is dextrorotatory while synthetic is racemic.
β-pinene (Nopinene) & α- Pinene
• Monosiklik
O
O
OH O
farnesol zingiberena
Eriophyllum lanatum
Artemisin
• Sumber: Artemisia annua (Asteraceae)
• Yang dipanen : daun dan bunga
• Guna : anti malaria; anti parasit
Matricaria recutita
(Contain 3 isoprene units)
• Acyclic – E.g. Farnesol (Oil of Citronalla)
• Monocyclic – E.g. Bisobolol
• Bicyclic e.g. Chamezulene (Chamomile oil)
• Anti radang; Anti kejang; Korigen
odoris minuman kesehatan
Tanacetum partenium
• Yang dipanen Minyak atsiri dari daun
• Isolasi minyak atsiri : distilasi uap
• Guna : Antipiretik, merangsang keluarnya
saliva; migrain
Monoterpen dan seskuiterpen
sebagian besar adalah
komponen minyak atsiri
Nama lain minyak atsiri
Volatil oil = minyak menguap
= minyak terbang
Sudah berkembang
No Nama Minyak Nama Dagang Nama Tanaman Kegunaan
10.
Potensi untuk dikembangkan
1. Kayu manis Cinnamon Bark oil Cinnamomum casea Makanan, farmasi
2. Daun kayu manis Cinnamon leaf oil Cinnamomum casea Makanan, farmasi
3. Kulit manis Cinnamon leaf oil Cinnamomum zeylanicum Makanan, farmasi
4. Daun manis Cinnamon leaf oil (Ceylon) Cinnamomum zeylanicum Mkanan, farmasi
5. Fuli pala Mace oil Myristica fragrans Makanan, farmasi
6. Permen Cormint oil Mentha arvensis Makanan, minuman,
farmasi, rokok
7. Palmarosa Palmarosa oil Cymbopogon martini Farmasi
8. Teh pohon (hitam) Tea tree oil (Black) Melaleuca bracteata Farmasi
9. Teh pohon (putih) Tea tree oil (White) Melaleuca alternifolia Farmasi
10. Temulawak Curcuma oil Curcuma xanthorriza Farmasi, minuman
11. Kapol Cardamon oil Amomum cardamomum Farmasi
12. Kapolaga Cardamon oil Elletaria cardamomum Farmasi
13. Surawung pohon Native myrthle oil Backhousia citriodora Farmasi
14. Adas Fennel oil Bitter type Foenicullum vulgare Farmasi
15. Kemukus Cubeb oil Piper cubeba Farmasi
16. Serai ginger Ginger Grass oil Cymbopogon martini Farmasi
17. Time Thymus oil Thymus vulgaris Farmasi
18. Proseres Proseres oil Andropogon procerus Parfum, sabun
19. Rosemari Rosemari oil Rosmarinus officinale Farmasi
20. Keuanyam Geranium oil Pelargonium graveolens Farmasi
21. Basil Basil oil (Reunion type) Ocimum basillicum Farmasi
22. Selasih Mekah Basil oil (Eugenol type) Ocimum grattisimum Farmasi, makanan
23. Krangean Litsea oil Litsea cubeba Farmasi
24. Jeringau Calamus oil Acarus calamus Farmasi
25. E. Citriodora E. citriodora oil Eucalyptus citriodora Farmasi
26. Spearmin Spearmint oil Mentha spicata Farmasi
27. Kunyit Curcuma oil Curcuma domestica Farmasi, minuman
28. Jeruk purut Lime oil Citrus hystrix Makanan
29. Ketumbar Coriander oil Coriandrum sativum Makanan, farmasi
30. Gandapura - Gaultheria fragrantissima Farmasi
31. Bangle - Zingiber cassummunar Farmasi
Outlet
Condenser
Inlet
Fractionating Column
Bottomed Flask
Hot plate/boiler
Refractomete
r
Refraktometer Abbe
Uji kelarutan
Qualitative tests (General test) …COLOUR
Aqueous FeCl3 (1%)
0.5 ml oil solution in a clean test tube + 2 dps of 1% aq. FeCl3
Vanillin
0.5 ml of oil solution in a clean test tube + 2 drops
of (1%) aq. FeCl3 + Ve (Blue to dark blue color).
CHO
Endapan kuning
. Bromine Test
- Test for unsaturation
Alkene
Alkyne
Positive Result:
Discharging of the bromine
color without the evolution
of hydrogen bromide gas
Experimental Result:
Discharging of the bromine
color (colorless solution)
Pereaksi Fuchsin-Aldehyde (pereaksi Schiff)
OH
HO OH
O
HO OH
limonen - + - coklat
α-Pinen - + - Coklat
pulegon + + + Kuning
Geraniol - + - Lembayung
karvon + + + Merah jambu
simena + + - -
terpineol - + - hijau
II-Quantitative determination
Determination of Aldehydes in volatile oils
• Example: Cinnamic aldehyde in Cinnamon oil
Cinnamon oil (E.P) should contain not less than 50% and not
more than 70% w/w of cinnamic aldehyde.
Principle of assay:
R.CHO+NH2OH.HCl R- CH=NOH+ H2O+HCl
The liberated equivalent amount of HCl is titrated against
standard alkali.
CHO
Procedure
Uji Hidroksilamin Hidroklorida
• Pipette 5 ml of cinnamon oil into stoppered flask, add 10 ml
of hydroxyl amine.HCl and shake well.
• Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator, the solution is
colored red.
• Shake and neutralize the liberated HCl with N/2 KOH until the
red color changes to yellow color and the yellow color must
be permanent after shaking vigorously for 2 min.
TLC of 10 essential
oils with vanilin GC chromatogram of citronella oil on HP-5 (5 %
reagent Phenyl Methyl Siloxane) column
Wednesday, August 23, 2023
KROMATOGRAM MINYAK SEREH WANGI