INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Manjit Singh Saren

HOD Pathology,

MAHSA University,

Kuala Lumpur

2018
PATHOLOGY

"Medicine is Pathology".
What is Pathology?
Vital science in the Medical Field.
 
Branch of medical specialty concerned with the study of:
1. Nature of disease process
2. Causes of various diseases .
3. Mechanism of disease initiation and progress.
4. Complications or outcome.
Pathology plays a vital role in all facets of medicine from birth
to death.
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY:

1. Aetiology: Cause
2. Risk Factors: Prone to disease.
3. Pathogenesis: Mechanism of disease.
4. Molecular Pathology.
5. Genetics.
6. Morphology: Structural changes:
Gross
Microscopic or Histology.
Radiological
7. Clinical manifestations: Consequence of changes
8. Complications.
8. Investigations: Laboratory.
INFLAMMATION
Complex biological tissue response to harmful stimuli:
1. Pathogens,
2. Damaged cells
3. Irritants.

Inflammation:
A protective response of living tissue

Involves:
Immune cells: B and T Lymphocytes.
Blood vessels.
Mediators.
INFLAMMATION
NEUTROPHILS LYMPHOCYTES
(Polymorphonuclear) (Mononuclear)
PMN: NEUTROPHILS (Pneumonia)
 ARTERIES

Acute Inflammation-Angiogenesis
ALLERGY:

1. Asthma:
Chronic inflammatory disease.
Coughing, wheezing
Shortness of breath
Chest tightness.

2. Bee Sting:
Pain, swelling, and redness around the sting
site.

Microscopically:
Eosinophils.
Bronchial Asthma: Eosinophils
LYMPHOCYTE
(Mononuclear Cell)
 M

LYMPHOCYTES and MACROPHAGES: Chronic Inflammation

MACROPHAGES-carbon laden.
EPITHELIOID CELLS: Giant cell Formation
GENETICS:
The study of heredity biological process.
Children inherit genes from both of their biological
parents.
Traits:
Colour of skin, hair or eyes.
Risk factors:
Diseases Mellitus or hypertension.

CHROMOSOMES:

Genes within chromosomes of nucleus.

Humans: 23 pairs within the nucleus
23:From mother
23 From the father.
Women: 44 autosomes and a pair of X chromosomes-
46XX
Men: 44 autosomes and X and Y chromosomes.-46XY
GENETICS:

 A chromosomal rearrangement in which a segment of
 genetic material from one chromosome becomes 
heritably linked to another chromosome.

Diseases caused by translocations:

Cancer
Leukemia 
Ewings sarcoma
Infertility
Downs Syndrome-at chromosome 21 onto 14.
Sex chromosomes XX male syndrome.
 GROSS PATHOLOGY
MICROSCOPIC / HISTOLOGY
HEART: MYOCARDIAL INFARCT
LIVER: CANCER
Questions in Pathology: Summative
SRA
SEQ
MEQ: 2 or more disciplines
OSPE
VIVA. (Failures or Distinction)
Problem Based Learning. (PBL)
How System Works:
Lectures:
Practicals:
Tutorials:
Lecture notes and Practicals:
LMS
Mentor-Mentee System
No personal tuition but free to see us.
“You cannot separate passion from pathology

any more than you can separate a person's

spirit from his body.”

― Richard Selzer, Letters to a Young Doctor.

THANKS
“Freedom is not worth having,
If it does not allow the freedom to
speak”.