Chemical Kinetics

SQB
Lesson 1: Physical
Properties of Solution
OBJECTIVES:
a. determine and explain the

heating and cooling curve of a
substance.
b. use different ways of expressing
concentration of solutions:
percent by mass, mole fraction,
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molarity, molality, and ppm.
This is a slide title
c. describe the effect of

concentration on the colligative
properties of solutions.
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A substance
that dissolves a
solute.
Solution The minor
component in a
solution,
- A homogeneous dissolved in the
solvent.
mixture.
- SOLVENT AND
SOLUTEIf water, it is called
aqueous solution.
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Solution
MORE SOLUTE-
- A homogeneous CONCENTRATED
mixture.
- SOLVENT AND
SOLUTE
LESS SOLUTE- DILUTE
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The state of solvent determines the state
of solution.
Gaseous, liquid and solid solutions.
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What is the role of intermolecular interactions
to the solution’s process?
The major factor determining whether a solution forms
is the relative strengths of intermolecular forces
between and among the solute and solvent particles.
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Solution Formation and Chemical Reactions
 In understanding solutions, we have to be

careful in distinguishing the physical process
of solution formation from chemical
reactions that lead to a solution.
“ Is the Formation of a Solution a Reaction?”
It is a physical
process, not a It is a process in which one or more
chemical one. substances, the reactants, are
converted to one or more different
9 substances, the products.
Saturation and Solubility of
Solutions
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What is a saturated solution?
✘ Saturated solution contains a

maximum amount of a solute
that will dissolve in a given
solvent at a specific
temperature.
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How about unsaturated solution?
✘ Unsaturated solution
contains less solute than the
solvent and has the capacity
to dissolve at a specific
temperature.
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Supersaturated solution?
✘ Contains more solute than is

present in a saturated
solution at a specific
temperature.
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What are the different interactions in the solution process?
a. Solvent-Solvent Interaction
b. Solute-Solute Interaction
c. Solvent-Solute Interaction
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Concentration Units
✘ The concentration of a solution

can be expressed either
qualitatively or quantitatively.
“dilute and concentrated”

qualitatve
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Concentration Units
Quantitative terms:
✘ mass percentage
✘ mole fraction
✘ Molarity
✘ molality
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Mass Percentage, ppm, and ppb
It is computed by dividing the

mass of the solute by the mass of
the solution.
Mass % of component= Mass of component in soln.

x 100
Total mass soln
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Mass % of component= Mass of component in soln.
x 100
Total mass soln.
- where we have abbreviated "solution" as "soln.“

- Percent means per hundred.
Mass % of component= Mass ofsolute.

x 100
mass of solute + mass of solvent
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Mass % of component= Mass of solute.
x 100
Thus, a 30% sugar solution in water means that 30 grams of sugar

dissolved in 70 grams of water to create 100 grams of solution.
Mass % of component= 30 g .
x 100
30 g + 70 g
x 100 30%
100 g
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x 100
Thus, a solution of hydrochloric acid that is 36% HCl by mass contains

36 g of HCl for each 100 g of solution.
x 100 36%
100g
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x 100
Example:
To maintain the same sodium chloride (NaCl) solution concentration as
sea water, an aquarium should contain 3.5 g NaCl per 100 g of water.
What is the percent by mass of NaCl in the solution?
Mass % of component= 3.5 g NaCl

x 100
3.5 g + 100 g 3.4%
Mass % of component= 3.5 g NaCl
x 100
103.5 g
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x 100
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Example:
1. An aqueous solution has 0.0070 gram of oxygen
dissolved in 1000. grams of water
0.0070g
x 1,000,000= 7.0 ppm
1000.g + 0.0070g
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Example:
2. If 0.025 gram of Pb(NO3)2 is dissolved in 100. grams of H2O,
what is the concentration of the resulting solution, in parts per
million?
0.025g
x 1,000,000= 250
100g + 0.025g ppm
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Mole Fraction, Molarity, and Molality
Concentration expressions are often based on the

number of moles of one or more components of the
solution. The three most commonly used are mole
fraction, molarity, and molality.
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X = ___moles of component__
i
total moles of all components
The symbol X is commonly used for mole fraction, with a

subscript to indicate the component of interest.
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i
The symbol X is commonly used for mole fraction, with a

subscript to indicate the component of interest.
For example, the mole fraction of HCl in a hydrochloric acid

solution is represented as XHCl. Thus, a solution containing
1.00 mol of HCl (36.5 g) and 8.00 mol of water (144 g) has a
mole fraction of HCl of XHcl = (1.00 mol)/ (1.00 mol + 8.00 mol)
= 0.111.
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i

For example, the mole fraction of HCl in a hydrochloric acid
solution is represented as XHCl. Thus, a solution containing
1.00 mol of HCl (36.5 g) and 8.00 mol of water (144 g) has a
mole fraction of HCl of XHcl = (1.00 mol)/ (1.00 mol + 8.00 mol)
= 0.111.
XHCl= 1.00 mol

1.00 mol + 8.00 mol = 0.111
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i

0.100 mole of NaCl is dissolved into 100.0 grams of pure H 2O. What is
the mole fraction of NaCl
Moles= mass/molar mass

Moles of H2O= 100.0g/18.02 g/mol
H2O= 5.55 mol
XNaCl= 0.100 mole

0.100+5.55
=0.018/0.02
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i

0.100 mole of NaCl is dissolved into 100.0 grams of pure H 2O. What is
the mole fraction of NaCl

Moles of H2O= 100.0g/18.02 g/mol
H2O= 5.55 mol
XNaCl= 0.100 mole

0.100+5.55
=0.018/0.02
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i

Calculate the mole fraction of 8.35g Calcium Chloride with molar mass of
111g/mole placed in 24.5g of H2O with molar mass of 18.0g/mole.
CaCl= 0.08 mol

H2O=1.36 mol
XCaCl= 0.08/(0.08 + 1.36) =0.056
35
36
= 0.153 mol/L
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Example:
1. Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution made by dissolving
82.4 g of urea (molar mass 60.06 g/mol) in 212 mL of water at
35C. What is the vapor pressure lowering? The vapor pressure
of water at 35C is 42.18 mm Hg.
P1=?
X1=?
P1o= 42.18 mm Hg
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Example:
82.4 g of urea (molar mass 60.06 g/mol) in 212 mL (11.8 mol)
of water at 35C. What is the vapor pressure lowering? The vapor
pressure of water at 35C is 42.18 mm Hg.
P1=?
X1=? P1o= 42.18 mm Hg
Moles of urea= 82.4 g

60.06 g/mole = 1.37
Moles of fraction= ___1.37__

1.37 mol+11.8 mol = 0.104
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Example:
82.4 g of urea (molar mass 60.06 g/mol) in 212 mL (11.8 mol)
of water at 35C. What is the vapor pressure lowering? The vapor
pressure of water at 35C is 42.18 mm Hg.
P1=?
X1= 0.104 P1o= 42.18 mm Hg
P1= (0.104)(42.18 mm Hg) = 4.39 mm Hg

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Getting the molar mass
1. Find the chemical formula for the

compound.
Ex. Hydrochloric acid
HCl
H= 1 atom
Cl= 1 atom
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2. Find the relative atomic mass of

each element in the compound.
“Using the periodic table, locate the

relative atomic mass for each element. It
is the number located beneath the
symbol for the element.”
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3. Calculate the molar mass of each

element in the compound.
H= 1.007 g/mole x 1 = 1.007 g/mole

Cl= 35.453 /mole x 1 = 35.453 /mole
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3. Add the molar masses of each

element in the compound.
H= 1.007 g/mole
Cl= + 35.453 /mole
36.460 g/mol
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THANK
S!
Any questions?
You can find me at
✘ @username
✘ user@mail.me
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SQB

a. determine and explain the

c. describe the effect of

 In understanding solutions, we have to be

“ Is the Formation of a Solution a Reaction?”

✘ Saturated solution contains a

✘ Contains more solute than is

✘ The concentration of a solution

“dilute and concentrated”

It is computed by dividing the

Mass % of component= Mass of component in soln.

- where we have abbreviated "solution" as "soln.“

Mass % of component= Mass ofsolute.

Thus, a 30% sugar solution in water means that 30 grams of sugar

Thus, a solution of hydrochloric acid that is 36% HCl by mass contains

Mass % of component= 3.5 g NaCl

Concentration expressions are often based on the

total moles of all components

The symbol X is commonly used for mole fraction, with a

total moles of all components

The symbol X is commonly used for mole fraction, with a

For example, the mole fraction of HCl in a hydrochloric acid

total moles of all components

XHCl= 1.00 mol

total moles of all components

Moles= mass/molar mass

XNaCl= 0.100 mole

total moles of all components

Moles= mass/molar mass

XNaCl= 0.100 mole

total moles of all components

CaCl= 0.08 mol

XCaCl= 0.08/(0.08 + 1.36) =0.056

Moles of urea= 82.4 g

Moles of fraction= ___1.37__

P1= (0.104)(42.18 mm Hg) = 4.39 mm Hg

1. Find the chemical formula for the

2. Find the relative atomic mass of

“Using the periodic table, locate the

3. Calculate the molar mass of each

H= 1.007 g/mole x 1 = 1.007 g/mole

3. Add the molar masses of each

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Moles of fraction= _1.37