BASIC

THERMODYNAMI
CS
MSE022
Lecture 1. Introduction and Basic Concept
 Lecture 1. Introduction and Basic Concept
Greek words “therme “ and “dynamikos”, as “heat” and “power” (or
“movement”),

Thermodynamics is the physical science that focuses on the relationship

between energy and work as well as the equilibrium states and variables
of systems that are being investigated.

 defines heat and identifies it as the process in which energy is

transferred from one region to another down a temperature gradient

 deals with the conservation of energy as well as the conversion of the

various forms of energy into each other or into work.
 System, Surrounding and Boundary
■ Thermodynamics is concerned with the behavior of and
interactions between portions of the universe denoted as systems
and those portions of the universe called the surroundings or the
environment .
■ The system is that part of the universe we wish to investigate in
detail, and the surroundings is that part of the universe outside the
system which may interact with it by exchanging energy or matter.

■ The boundary or wall between the system and the surroundings is

what allows such interactions.
 Classification of boundaries
■ Adiabatic : No thermal energy can pass through.
■ Diathermal : Thermal energy can pass through.
■ Permeable : Matter can pass through.
■ Impermeable : Matter cannot pass through.
■ Semipermeable : Some components are able to
pass through, while others are notic
 Closed Systems
■ It is defined when a particular quantity of matter is under study
■ There can be no transfer of mass across its boundary.
■ May receive (or give off) energy from (or to) the surroundings. The boundaries
are diathermal
■ A special type of closed system that does not interact in any way with its
surroundings is called an isolated system.

Control Volumes (Open Systems)

 perform thermodynamic analyses of devices through which mass flows.
 analyses conducted by studying a particular quantity of matter, a
closed system, as it passes through the device.
 a given region of space through which mass flows is called a control
volume.
 Systems which can exchange both energy and matter with the
surroundings
Open System -
Selecting Boundary of the System
 Property, State, and Process
■ Property - macroscopic characteristic of a system such as mass,
volume, energy, pressure, and temperature to which a numerical
value can be assigned at a given time without knowledge of the
previous behavior (history) of the system.
■ State - refers to the condition of a system as described by its
properties.
 relations among the properties of a system,
 can be specified by providing the values of a subset of the
properties
■ Process - a transformation from one state to another.
– A system is said to be at steady state if none of its properties
changes with time.
Closed System: A piston– Open system : Mass flow
cylinder assembly. into and out of the system
A piston–cylinder assembly undergoing an expansion process from state 1 to state 2. This
process is initiated by removal of a block of mass m.
 Extensive and Intensive Properties
■ Property is extensive if its value for an overall system is the sum of its
values for the parts into which the system is divided.
 Mass, volume, energy, depend on the size or extent of a system.
 can change with time, and many thermodynamic analyses consist
mainly of carefully accounting for

■ Intensive properties are not additive;

– values are independent of the size or extent of a system
– may be functions of both position and time, whereas extensive
properties can vary only with time. Specific volume, pressure, and
temperature are important intensive property
Equilibrium
■ Classical thermodynamics places primary emphasis on equilibrium states
and changes from one equilibrium state to another.
■ Isolate the system from its surroundings and watch for changes in its
observable properties. If there are no changes – system is at an
equilibrium state
■ Types of equilibrium condition: mechanical, thermal, phase, and
chemical equilibrium
■ When a system is isolated, it does not interact with its surroundings;
however, its state can change as a consequence of spontaneous events
occurring internally..
■ When all such changes cease, the system is in equilibrium.
■ At equilibrium, temperature is uniform throughout the system. Also,
pressure can be regarded as uniform.
SI Units

Newton’s second law of motion states that the net force acting on a body is
proportional to the product of the mass and the acceleration:
Specific Volume , Pressure and Temperature
■ Specific volume is defined as the reciprocal of the density,

■ Pressure
■ For a fluid at rest,
■ For fluid in motion:
■ normal stress, and shear stresses
■ Pressure Measurement
𝐹 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙
– Manometers and barometers measure pressure in terms of the
length of a column of liquid such as mercury, water, or oil
 Figure 1.8 Bourdon Tube Gage

Figure 1.7 Barometer

Figure 1.6 Manometer

Pressure Units
Pressure = refers to absolute pressure: pressure with respect to the zero
pressure of a complete vacuum. The lowest possible value of absolute
pressure is zero.

Figure 1.9 Relationships among the absolute, atmospheric, gage, and vacuum
Temperature
■ notion of temperature, based on sensory perception of heat and
cold, needs no explanation.
■ However, giving temperature a scientific role requires a scale
that affixes numbers to the perception of hot and cold
■ When the temperature of an object changes, other properties
also change
■ Consider two copper blocks, one is warmer than the other. If
the blocks were brought into contact and isolated from their
surroundings, they would interact in a way that can be
described as a thermal (heat) interaction.
THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM

A + B A B A B

HOT Cold Heat flows Warm

•When a hot object is placed in contact with a cold

object, heat flows from the warmer to the cooler
object. This continues until they are in thermal
equilibrium (heat flow stops). At this point, the
bodies are said to be in the thermal equilibrium
(same ‘temperature’).
ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

■ If A and B are in thermal equilibrium and B and C are in

thermal equilibrium, then A and C are in thermal equilibrium.

■ Consequence of zeroth law:

– B acts like a thermometer
– A, B, and C are all at the same temperature
 Operational definition of TEMPERATURE

■ Need:
– Substance
– Property that depends on T
– Reference points
– Interpolation scheme between reference points
■ Example: Ideal Gas Thermometer with the Celsius
scale
The Ideal Gas Thermometer with Celsius scale

Based on Boyle’s Law:

lim Pv T  f (T )
P 0

The substance is a gas.

The property is f(T).
The boiling point (TB = 100oC) and freezing
point (TF = 0oC) of water are reference points.
The interpolation is linear (see next slide).
 lim Pv T  f (T ) Experimental result:
P 0

A = 0.0036609
= 1/273.15

Note:
T = -273.15oC is
called the absolute
zero.

f (T )  f (0o C )(1  AT )

-273.15oC 0oC 100oC

The relationship of the Kelvin, Rankine, Celsius, and
Fahrenheit scales.
By international agreement, temperature scales
are defined by the numerical value assigned to
the easily reproducible triple point of water:
the state of equilibrium among steam, ice, and
liquid water
Kelvin scale:
SI temperature
An absolute scale, it is based on the concept
of a lower limit of temperature, called
absolute zero

■ This suggests a new temperature scale (KELVIN)

T (K) = T (oC) + 273.15
■ Better reference points for the KELVIN scale are T = 0 K (absolute zero) and T TP =
273.16 K (triple point of water)
■ Kelvin scale:
 SI temperature
 An absolute scale, it is based on the concept of a lower limit of temperature, called absolute
zero.

 Celsius temperatures, are defined in relation to Kelvin temperatures:

T (K) = T (oC) + 273.15

■ Better reference points for the KELVIN scale are T = 0 K (absolute zero) and
■ TTP = 273.16 K (triple point of water)