DTEL (Department for Technology Enhanced Learning)

The Centre for Technology enabled Teaching & Learning , N Y S S, India

Teaching Innovation - Entrepreneurial - Global 1

 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Program: III Sem. Reg. *& PT

Course Name: ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Course code: EL 2203

Lectures per week: 04

UNIT - V
D.C.MOTORS
2
 UNIT -V: SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
Objectives: The student will be able to understand:
1 Working Principle of D.C. Motors
.

2 Back Emf and its significance

3 Torque Equation

4 Types of DC motors

5 Characteristics of DC shunt motors

6 Characteristics of Dc series motors

.

7 Characteristics of DC compound
.
motors
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 UNIT -IV: SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
Objectives: The student will be able to understand:
8 Starting of DC motors .

9 Speed control of DC shunt motors

10 Speed control of DC series motors

11 Braking of DC motors

12 Losses in DC motors

13 Efficiency of DC motors, Condition

.
for maximum efficiency,

14 Effect of saturation and armature

.
reaction on losses.
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 UNIT –I: SYLLABUS

UNIT-V: D.C. MOTORS:

Principle, Torque Equation, Characteristics and

applications of various types of D.C. Motors, Starting of
D.C. Motors, Speed control of Series and Shunt motors,
Power flow in DC machines, Losses and Efficiency in D.C.
machines

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LECTURE 1 Working Principle of D.C. Motors:

• A current carrying
conductor placed
in a magnetic field
experiences
mechanical force

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LECTURE 1 Working Principle of D.C. Motors:

• Direction of force is given

by
• Fleming’s Left Hand Rule:
 Second Finger: Current in
conductor
 First Finger : Mag. Field
 Thumb : Force

Each is perpendicular to
plane containing other two.

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LECTURE 1 CONSTRUCTION OF DC MOTOR:
• For having relative velocity bet’n
Conductors and Field System, the
DC Motor consists of two parts-
1. A Stator housing Field System in
form of projecting poles, and
2. A rotor, rotating within stator
and housing conductor system
i.e. armature winding. Hence is
also termed Armature.
Other parts of DC motor are –
The armature core, pole cores and pole shoes made up of high
silicon content special steel to minimize eddy current losses.
Frame/Yoke: Made of good mag. material & supports Poles.
Commutator: Reverses dire’n of current in short cktd coils.
End Covers: Supports and allows free rotation of rotor by
holding shaft into bearings held in bearing housings.
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LECTURE 1 TYPES OF DC MOTORS:
• The armature and field wdgs, when
supplied from separate DC source, the
motor is termed as Separately excited
DC motor.
• The armature and field wdgs, when
supplied from same DC source, the
motor is termed Self Excited DC Motor. Sep. excited motor
• Types of Self Excited Motors on basis
of connection of Field winding are:
Shunt Motor (IL = Ia + Ish, Ish = V/Rsh,
V = Eb + IaRa)
Series Motor (Ia = Ise = Ia, V
= Eb + Ia(Ra + Rse))
 Compound Motor

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 LECTURE 1 TYPES OF DC MOTORS: (Contd…)
Compound Motors:
Have both series and shunt field wdgs
Have 2 types on basis of their connection
• Long Shunt [Shunt field across series
connection of arm. and series field]
• Short Shunt [Series field in series
with parallel connection of armature
and shunt field]
 If Series field flux assists shunt field
flux, the motor is k/as cumulatively
compounded motor.
 If Series field produces flux opposing
that due to shunt field, the motor is
k/as differentially compound motor.
 Thus both long shunt and short shunt
compound motors have cumulative
and differential compounding.
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 THANK YOU

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LECTURE 2 BACK EMF & ITS SIGNIFICANCE:
• The armature conductors while rotating cut
magnetic field and hence an emf is induced in the
armature winding.
• This EMF is termed as Back or Counter EMF, as
current due to this & that due to supply voltage are
in opposite directions.
• Back Emf is given by Eb = (ØZN/60)*(P/A) (where the
symbols have their usual meanings)
• Under normal running condition, back emf being in
opposition to the applied voltage, the motor current
is regulated.
On applying KVL ,
V = Eb + IaRa + Vb
On neglecting brush
drop, V = Eb + IaRa
Hence Ia = (V – Eb)/Ra
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LECTURE 2 TORQUE EQUATION:
• The armature conductors carrying current &
placed in magnetic field experience mech. force.
• Moment of the force experienced by each
conductor is in same direction.
• Sum of the moment experienced by all conductors
is called Torque, the turning capability.
• Voltage equation for the dc motor, V = Eb + IaRa
can be rewritten as: VIa = Eb Ia+ Ia2 Ra
where VIa is electrical input power, Ia2Ra = arm. Cu. Loss and
Eb Ia = Pm, mech. power developed.
 The torque developed, Tg = Pm/ω N-m
(where ω = 2πN/60 rad/s)
 As Eb=(ØZN/60)*(P/A), Tg=(PZ/2 πA)ØIa or Tg = kTØIa
 Torque of dc motor is directly proportional to flux
per pole and armature current.
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LECTURE 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SHUNT MOTOR:
• Speed – arm. current char. :
Field current Ish = V/Rsh, if V is
constant, Ish & hence flux Ø is
constant.
• Motor speed Nα (V – IaRa)/ Ø
Or Nα (V – IaRa) .. as Ø is constant,
hence motor speed decreases
linearly with increase in
armature current.
 With increase in arm. current, armature reaction
increases, Ø decreases & hence the drop in speed
is not much.

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LECTURE 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SHUNT MOTOR:
o TORQUE – ARMATURE CURRENT CHAR.:
• Motor torque is directly
proportional to airgap flux and
armature current i.e. Tg α Фia
• On neglecting effect of arm.
reaction, Ф can be assumed to
be constant, hence Tg α Ia
• Thus Tg - Ia char. Is linear,
however due to arm. reaction
the torque decreases slightly.
• Plot of useful torque against
arm. current can be plotted by
substracting mechanical loss
from gross torque.
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LECTURE 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SHUNT MOTOR:
o SPEED – TORQUE CHAR.:

• DC motor speed is given by

N α (V-IaRa)/ Ф,
• But Tg α Ф Ia.
• On rearranging,
N = (KNV)/ Ф – (KNRa/KT Ф2)T.

• FROM ABOVE WE GET A

SLIGHTLY DROOPING BUT
LINEAR CHARACTERISTIC.

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 THANK YOU

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF SERIES
LECTURE 3
MOTOR:
Speed – arm. current char. :
Field current Ise = Ia,
thus flux Ф α Ia.
Speed Nα V – Ia(Ra + Rse)/Ф,
Or Nα V/Ф ..neglecting I (R +R ) drop,
a a se

Or Nα 1/Ф ..as V is constant,

Or Nα 1/Ia
• Thus there is parabolic
decrease in motor speed as
arm. current increases.
• Also for very small Ia such as on no load, motor
runs with suicidal speed. So DC series motors
are never run on no load.

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF SERIES
LECTURE 3
MOTOR:
o Torque-Arm. current Char.:
 DC Motor Torque Is Directly
• Proportional To Airgap
Flux and Armature Current
i.e. Tg α ФIa Or Tg α Ia2 as
Ф α Ia.
•
Thus this char. is parabolic
till the pole cores are not
saturated, but after
saturation flux becomes
constant and hence Tg α Ia.
And the curve then
becomes asymptotic to a
straight line from origin.

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF SERIES
LECTURE 3
MOTOR:
o Speed-Torque Char.:
This char. can be plotted by
determining speed and
corresponding torque from
N – Ia & N – T characteristics
for diff. values of Ia.
• On no load motor runs with
dangerously high speed.
• At very low speeds, motor
develops very large torque,
making it most suitable for
traction and cranes where
large accelerating torque is
needed to start the rack or a
load from rest.

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LECTURE 3 CHAR’ISTICS OF DIFF. DC MOTORS:

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LECTURE 3 Starting of D.C. Shunt Motor:
• Need of a starter: At starting Eb being zero,
armature current Ia = (V-Eb)/Ra is very high & hence
to limit the starting current, motor is started with a
starter which includes some resistance in
armature circuit at starting.
• Shunt motor is started with
3-point starter.
• Handle H when brought to
stud 1, motor is in start
position, with graded
resistance
R = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4
connected in series with
armature and field getting
rated voltage supply.

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LECTURE 3 Starting of D.C. Shunt Motor: (Contd…)
• Starter handle is gradually moved from stud1 to
next, allowing motor speed to increase. Finally at
RUN position, motor runs at rated speed, with
rated voltage across Armature and Field windings.

• No volt coil releases the handle in case of failure

of supply.

• Overload protection is provided by the overload

increase
• Overload protection is provided by the
overload trip coil OLC.

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LECTURE 3 FOUR POINT STARTER:
• Insertion of high
resistance in field
circuit to increase
motor speed
reduces the field
current and also
current through
coil of holding
electromagnet.
• A 4-point starter is
used to overcome
this difficulty.

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 THANK YOU

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LECTURE 4 SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR:
• DC motor Speed, N α Eb/Ф or N α (V – IaRa)/Ф
• Thus speed of dc motor can be controlled by
varying either @ Supply voltage V,
@ Adding resistance in armature ckt.
@ Variation of field flux.
o SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR:
 Armature Resistance Control: Adding resistance Re
in armature circuit decreases voltage across
armature without affecting flux as rated voltage
appears across shunt field. Thus speed decreases.

 This method is suitable only for speed control

below normal speed & not for above normal
speeds.
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LECTURE 4 SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR:

N-Ia Char. With & w/o series resistance

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LECTURE 4 SPEED CONTROL OF SHUNT MOTOR:
• Flux Control Method:
• Speed of dc motor being inv’sely
proportional to flux, decrease in
flux will increase speed of the
motor.
• Field current is decreased by
adding resistance in series with
shunt field winding as
Ish = V/(Rsh + Re)
• This method is not suitable for
speed control below normal
speeds as for this flux must
increase. This is possible only
by increasing voltage across
field more than rated value. N-Ia Char. With & w/o series resistance
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 LECTURE 4 SPEED CONTROL OF SERIES MOTOR:
• Armature Resistance Control: Resistance is added
in series, such that drop across it results in
reduced voltage across the armature. This also
reduces current through the series field resulting
in reduced flux. Speed reduces due to reduced
arm. voltage but increase due to reduced flux.
Thus this method does not permit large variation
in speed.

Speed,N
Normal

With Series
Resistance

Armature Current, Ia

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 LECTURE 4 SPEED CONTROL OF SERIES MOTOR:
• Flux Control Method: Speed of dc motor inv’sely is
pro’rtional to field flux. Decrease in flux increases
speed. Reduction in flux can be achieved by
i) diverter in parallel with series field or
ii) by using tapped series field wdg.
The diverter resistance bypasses part of the
field current whereas with tapped field wdg mmf
producing flux can be varied. In both cases speed
increases due to reduced flux.

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LECTURE 4 SPEED CONTROL OF SERIES MOTOR:

Rd increasing
Speed,N

Rd3
Rd2
Rd1
Torque
Variation in speed of DC series motor by flux control method.

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 THANK YOU

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LECTURE 6 LOSSES IN DC MACHINES:
Losses in dc machines can be divided in to
following five categories-
o Electrical or Copper losses: These are wininding
losses. The armature, field, interpole and the
compensating windings contribute towards this.
o Core or Iron losses: Eddy current and hysteresis
losses. These losses are almost constant as flux
density and speed are almost constant.
o Brush Losses: This loss is due to contacts between
the copper commutator and the carbon brushes. It
is given by PBD = VBD *Ia.
o Mechanical Losses: bearing friction loss and
windage loss.
o Stray Load Losses: These sundry losses are due to
distortion of flux due to arm. reaction or in the
commutating coils.
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LECTURE 6 LOSSES & EFFICIENCY OF DC M’NES:
o Stray Losses: The mechanical and the core losses
together are termed as stray losses.
o Constant Losses: The shunt field copper losses and
the stray losses together are termed as constant
losses.
o Armature Copper or Variable losses: Power loss in
effective armature resistance which includes brush-
contact resistance, interpole and compensating
winding resistances.
o Motor Efficiency,ŋ = (Output)/(Output + Losses)
o Efficiency is maximum when the variable losses are
equal to the constant losses.

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 THANK YOU

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REFERENCES

Books: -
1. Electrical Machines, 2nd -1993, Dr. P. K.
Mukherjee and S. Chakravarti ,DhanpatRai
Publications (P) Ltd
2.Electric Machines ,Ashfaq Husain ,DhanpatRai
Publications (P) Ltd.
3. Electrical Machines , 3rd -2010 ,I.J.Nagrath and
Dr. D.P.Kothari
,Tata McGraw Hill
4. Electrical Machinery ,P.S.Bhimbra

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LECTURE 4

Thank You!

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