LOGICAL

OPERATORS AND
TRUTH TABLES
 LOGICAL OPERATORS

TRUTH VALUE AND TRUTH TABLES

• The truth table of a simple statement is either true (T) or
false (F).
• The truth value of a compound statement depends on the
truth values of its simple statements and its connectives.
• A truth table is a table that shows the truth value of a
compound statement for all possible truth values of its
simple statements.
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EXAMPLE 1: Since a proposition has two
possible truth value P
T
F
𝑛
2 =number of rows , where nis the number of propositions .
For propositions, p and q, we have the following table.
p q
T T
T F
F T
F F
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 LOGICAL OPERATORS
EXAMPLE 1: Since a proposition has two
possible truth value
Suppose p, q and r, are propositions. Then a truth table involving the
given propositions has
p q r
T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
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The negation of a proposition p is denoted by (read as
“not p”,) and is defined through its truth table:
p q
Write the negation of each statement: T F
2 is an odd number. F T
The dog does not need to be fed.
The tinikling is the most difficult dance.
Solution:
2 is an even number.
The dog needs to be fed.
The tinikling is not the most difficult dance.
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The conjunction of a proposition p and q is denoted by
(read as “p and q”,) and is defined through its truth table:
p q
Let p and q be the following propositions: T T T
Today is Friday. T F F
qit is raining. F T F
F F F
Write the following conjunctions as English sentences:
Solution:
a) : Today is Friday and it is raining.
b) : Today is Friday and it is not raining.
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The disjunction of a proposition p and q is denoted by
(read as “p or q”,) and is defined through its truth table:
p q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F

The truth table above tells us that the disjunction is false only when both
disjuncts p and q are false.

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 LOGICAL OPERATORS
Let p, q, and r be the following propositions:
Victor has a date with Liza.
qJohn is sleeping.
r: Lance is eating.
Express the following propositions in English sentences.

Solution:
a) Victor has a date with Liza or John is sleeping.
a) q
b) Either John is sleeping, or Lance is not eating.
c) Either Victor has a date with Liza, or John is
sleeping or lance is eating.
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The conditional of a proposition p and q is denoted by (read
as “if p then q”,) and is defined through its truth table:
p q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

The conditional may also be read as “p implies q”. The proposition p is called
the hypothesis, while the proposition q is called the conclusion.

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 LOGICAL OPERATORS
Suppose that Sachi is a Grade 11 student. Consider the following
conditionals:
If Sachi is in Grade 11, then she is a senior high school student.
If Sachi is in Grade 11, then she is working as a lawyer.
If Sachi has a degree in computer science, then she believes in true love.
Analyze the truth table values of these conditionals. p q
Solution: T T T
: is true, as the first row of the truth tables asserts. T F F
F T T
is false, as the second row of the truth table indicates
F F T
According to the last two rows of the truth table, is true
regardless of the truth value of its conclusion.
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The biconditional of a proposition p and q is denoted
by (read as “p if and only if q”,) and is defined
through its truth table:
p q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T

The propositions may also be written as “ p iff q”. The propositions p and q
are the components of the biconditional.

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 LOGICAL OPERATORS
Suppose that Sachi is a Grade 11 student. Consider the following
conditionals:
If Sachi is in Grade 11, then she is a senior high school student.
If Sachi is in Grade 11, then she is working as a lawyer.
If Sachi has a degree in computer science, then she believes in true love.
Analyze the truth table values of these conditionals. p q
Solution: T T T
: both simple components of is true. Hence, the biconditional is true, T F F
according to the first row of the truth table. F T F
the biconditional as false as the second row of the truth table indicates F F T
the biconditional is false.
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