BASIC

OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY AND HEALTH
(BOSH)
Pursuance with Republic Act No.
11058, Its IRR DO 198-2018
Day 2
 WORK
ENVIRONMEN
T
MEASUREMEN
T
 OBJECTIVES
At the end of the session, the participants will
be able to:
• Discuss Work Environment Measurement
(WEM) and its importance in evaluating the
hazards in the workplace and monitoring
exposure of workers.
• Comply with industrial hygiene related OSHS
provisions and other issuances, laws and
guidelines.
• Explain the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) and
its importance in evaluating workers’
exposure.
 WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENT
MEASUREMENT (WEM)
• Shall mean sampling and analysis
carried out in respect of the
atmospheric working environment and
other fundamental elements of working
environment for the purpose of
determining actual conditions therein.
• It is the quantitative evaluation of
hazards cited in Rule 1077 of the
Occupational Safety and Health
Standards (OSHS).
 WHAT IS BEING DETERMINED IN WEM?

Establishes the threshold limit values for toxic and

carcinogenic substances and physical agents which may
be present in the atmosphere in the work environment.
 OSHS Rule 1077:
Working Environment Measurement

• The WEM shall be

performed periodically as
may be necessary but not
longer than annually.
• WEM shall be conducted
by trained personnel
(internal).
 OSHS Rule 1077:
Working Environment Measurement

• The employer shall exert efforts to maintain and

control the working environment in comfortable and
healthy conditions for the purpose of promoting and
maintaining the health of his workers.
• The employer shall carry out the WEM in indoor or
other workplaces where hazardous work is performed
and shall keep a record of such measurement which
shall made available to the enforcing authority.
• The WEM shall be performed periodically as may be
necessary but not longer than annually.
 OSHS Rule 1077:
Working Environment Measurement

• The WEM shall be performed by the safety and

medical personnel who have taken adequate training
and experience in WEM (internal monitoring)
• Note: Internal WEM also requires calibrated
industrial hygiene equipment
• In the event of inability to perform the WEM, the
employer shall commission the Bureau / OSHC /
Regional Office concerned and other institutions
accredited or recognized by the Bureau, to perform
the measurement.
 Industrial Hygiene Equipment

Temperature WBGT Heat

Humidity Stress Meter
 Industrial Hygiene Equipment

Pressure Manometer
 Industrial Hygiene Equipment

Illumination Light Meter

 Industrial Hygiene Equipment

Ventilation Ventilation Meter

 Industrial Hygiene Equipment

Multi Gas Meter

Concentration of
substances
Industrial Hygiene Equipment

Sound Level
Noise
Meter
 Industrial Hygiene Equipment

Annual Calibration of
Equipment
 DO 160-16:
Guidelines on the
Accreditation of • Establishments shall only seek WEM
Consulting Organizations services from accredited WEM
to Provide WEM Services
Providers Otherwise, the WEM shall
NOT be regarded as compliant to Rule
1077 (Working Environment
Measurement) of the OSHS
• NO person or organization shall be
allowed, hired or provide WEM
services unless the requirements of
this rule are complied with
 PURPOSE OF WEM
• To determine the magnitude of harmful environmental
agents
• To periodically check the environment through
measurement
• To predict harmfulness of new facilities, raw materials,
production processes and working methods
• To monitor worker’s exposure to harmful substances
• To evaluate the effectiveness of environmental control
measures adopted to improve the workplace and
• To maintain favorable environment conditions
 Types of Monitoring
Area / Environmental Monitoring
Is the measurement of contaminant in the
workroom. This helps pinpoint work areas with
high or low exposure levels of contaminants.

Personal Monitoring
Is the measurement of a particular worker’s
exposure to airborne contaminants The data
collected approximates the concentration of
contaminant by which the worker is exposed to.
EXPOSURE / PERSONAL MONITORING

• Preferred method of
evaluating worker exposure
to airborne chemicals
• Worker wears sampling
device that collects airborne
contaminants wherever he
goes, whatever he does.
 Exposure Standards & Guidelines
STANDARDS
Legally acceptable exposure
limits (Rule 1070 OSHS
establishes the TLVs)

GUIDELINES
Recommended maximum
exposure which are voluntary
and not legally enforceable.
Accepted Standards & Guidelines
 Evaluation / Assessment
The measurement data will be compared with existing
standards or guidelines:
Permissible Occupational
Threshold Limit
Exposure Limits Exposure Limits
Values (TLV)
(PEL) (OEL)

Maximum
Recommended
Allowable
Exposure Limits
Concentrations
(REL)
(MAC)
Threshold Limit Value (TLV)

• These are exposure guidelines that

have been established for airborne
concentration of many chemical
compounds.
• Concentrations of hazards that
exceed the TLVs can cause adverse
effects to humans.
 Three Categories of TLV’s

• Time weighted Average (TLV-TWA) - The average concentration for

a normal 8-hour workday (48-hour workweek), to which nearly all
workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without
adverse effects.
• Short term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL) - Concentration where
exposure should be no longer than 15-mins and not more than
4x/day, 60-mins between successive exposures.
• Ceiling (TLV-C) - The concentration that should never be exceeded
during any part of the working exposure
 OSHS Rule
1072.03:
Threshold Limit
Values for
Airborne
Contaminants
(Table 8)
 ACTION LEVEL

• Action level means a concentration designated for a

specific substance, calculated as an eight (8)-hour time-
weighted average, which initiates certain activities such
as exposure monitoring and medical surveillance.
• Action level are generally set at one half or 50% of
Threshold Limit Values. The intent is to identify a level at
which the vast majority of randomly sampled exposures
will be below the TLV.
Action Level of Chemicals
The level of a harmful or toxic
substance/activity which
requires medical surveillance,
increased industrial hygiene
monitoring, or biological
monitoring. (NIOSH and
OSHA)
• Action Levels for TLV for
chemical is 50% of its
TLV
 ACTION LEVEL FOR NOISE

The OSH Standard requires

employers to have A hearing
conservation program in place
if workers are exposed to A
ceiling (TLV-C) noise level of
85 decibels (dBA) or higher
over an 8-hour work shift.
Physical Hazard - Illumination
 PERMISSIBLE HEAT EXPOSURE THRESHOLD LIMIT
VALUES
(WBGT, °C) ACGIH

ACCLIMATIZATION
• Is a gradual physiological adaptation that
improves an individual’s ability to
tolerate Heat Stress. The processes
whereby the body adapts to the
temperature variations of the area.
• A properly applied acclimatization
program decreases the risk of heat-
related illnesses. Such a program
basically involves exposing employees to ACGIH recommends 30-60% as the optimum range
work in a hot environment for for Relative Humidity. There is no standard for
progressively longer periods. Temperature and Relative Humidity written in the
OSH Standard of the Philippines
 HEAT INDEX
It is a measure of how hot it really feels when relative humidity is factored in
actual air temperature. Outdoor worker who are exposed to hot and humid
conditions are at risk of heat-related illness.
 Evaluation of Results of WEM
The results of measurement are evaluated to determine whether
they represent actual health hazards or not.

Results are compared with the accepted

standards as follows:
• Is the measurement of a particular worker’s
exposure to airborne contaminants The data
collected approximates the concentration of
contaminant by which the worker is exposed to.
 Evaluation of Results of WEM
The results of measurement are evaluated to determine whether or
not they represent actual health hazards.

Results are compared with the accepted standards

as follows:
• The results of measurement are evaluated to
determine whether or not they represent actual
health hazards which is being compared to with the
accepted standards of maximum allowable
concentrations or levels.
EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR SELECT CHEMICAL AGENTS
(As 8-hour Time Weighted Average except for C notation)
 Preparation of WEM Report
• Company Profile (Name, Address, Nature of Industry, No. of Workers,
Working Time, OSH programs & Personnel)
• Conditions at Sampling (Date, of Measurement, Parameters Measured,
Workers Activities, Description of Work Area, Existing Control Measures, Etc.)
• Results of Measurement ( Data & Corresponding Measure Point)
• Evaluation (Comparison with TVLs, permissible levels)
• Control Measures ( Evaluation of existing controls & recommend appropriate
and feasible controls)
• Points of Measurement ( Layout, report details)
 What to do with WEM Report?

If the WEM results show failed compliance, verify the

hazard being monitored at the:

SOURCE PATHWAY END

Noise, Ventilation, Heat Stress, Cold Stress, Chemicals,

Vibration and Pressure
The degree of hazard from exposure to harmful environmental
factors or stresses would depend on the following:
 CLEAR POINTS
• The employers shall exert effort to maintain,
control and carry out WEM to their workplace
• Provisions of OSHS Rule 1077 including related
DOLE issuances must be complied with.
• The conduct of WEM through area or personal
monitoring is important to know the levels of
exposure of the workers to the different hazards
in the workplace.
• Threshold Limit Value is defined and categorized
into three Time Weighted Average, Short-Term
Exposure Limit and Ceiling
 CLEAR POINTS
• The levels of exposure should be compared
with the TLVs
• Measured values must be within or should
not exceed the TLV to ensure health of the
workers.
• Measured values in action level or has
exceeded the TLVs should be appropriately
controlled.
• Other references or guidelines that are not
specified in the OSHS may be used to
evaluate health hazards in the workplace
Medical Surveillance
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this learning session, the
participants will be able to:
• Discuss medical surveillance and biological
monitoring as strategies in examining health
conditions of workers
• Explain the role of these strategies in
preventing occupational illnesses.
• Describe the different steps in conducting
medical surveillance.
• Understand the role of Safety Officer in the
conduct of Medical Surveillance
 Occupational Health
(ILO / WHO)

The promotion and maintenance of the highest

degree of physical, mental and social well-being of
workers in all occupations by…
 What is Medical Surveillance Program?
• Required for all workers who are exposed to
noise, vibration, solvents, fumes, dust,
ionizing radiation and other chemicals or
substances hazardous to their health
• An employer is required by Occupational
Safety and Health Standard to determine
the consequences of exposure to hazardous
agents, chemicals, noises, or other
substances that may affect the health of
workers
 MONITORING
• It means measuring workers’ TYPES OF MONITORING
Ambient or
exposure to named agents. Environmental Biological Medical Surveillance

• Involves measurement of • Work

Environment
•
•
Blood
Urine
• Pre-employment
(Entrance)
personal exposure of a worker Monitoring •
•
Stool
Chest X-ray
• Periodic
Examinations
to the hazard/agent in the • Tissue
cultures
• Special
Examinations
workplace. • Semen • Transfer
Examinations
• Systematic, continuous, • Separation
Examinations
repetitive, health-related
activities that should lead to
corrective action.
 MONITORING METHODS
AREA OR
ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING
Is the measurement of
contaminant in the workroom.
This helps pinpoint work
areas with high or low
exposure levels of
MONITORING METHODS
PERSONAL MONITORING
Is the measurement of a
particular worker’s exposure
to airborne contaminants The
data collected approximates
the concentration of
contaminant by which the
worker is exposed to.
 MONITORING METHODS

BIOLOGICAL
MONITORING
• Is the measurement of a particular
worker’s exposure to airborne
contaminants
• The data collected approximates
the concentration of contaminant by
which the worker is exposed to.
 MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
• Surveillance in occupational health practice
covers periodic, systematic and continuous
hazard assessment and medical examination.
• Surveillance data will provide trends or emerging
patterns in workplace hazards and illnesses.
• Surveillance has to be followed by preventive
action (appropriate control measures) and
evaluation of the effectiveness of intervention.
• Surveillance is conducted to meet regulatory
requirements.
Rule 1960: Occupational Health
Services

Health Programs shall include:

• Entrance
• Periodic
• Special examination
• Transfer examination
• Separation examination
 BIOLOGICAL MONITORING
• Measurement and assessment of agents or
their metabolites either in tissues, secreta,
excreta, expired air, or any combination.
• Assessment to overall systemic exposure to
chemicals by measurement of the chemicals
or their metabolites in blood, urine or
breath.
• Evaluates exposure compared to reference.
• Biological exposure indices (BEI) from ACGIH
• Chemical absorbed- acute or chronic
Images taken from Internet, CTTO
 WHY DO WE CONDUCT MEDICAL
SURVEILLANCE?
Worker populations are not homogenous
• Certain members will be particularly vulnerable or at greater risk than others. (individual susceptibility)
• Hazard level within safe or acceptable limits do not guarantee that workers will not be affected.

When diseases in question are associated with particular exposure or industry.

Monitoring of certain high-risk groups:

• Workers new to a hazardous job
• Workers returning after injury or illness
• Workers with concurrent condition or illness which can be adversely affected by workplace hazards
• Workers exposed to very hazardous substances or work processes

Meet regulatory requirements

 Purpose of Medical Surveillance
PRIMARY
Prevention of illness.
• Aims of Occupational Health
(WHO, ILO)
SECONDARY
Early detection of work-related
health problems and
determining its cause.
As a Safety Officer…
You NEED to understand this
for proper Evaluation of
Health Hazards and its Risk
for appropriateness of
controls to be recommended
in mitigating all hazards in the
workplace.
Steps in Surveillance of Occupational Diseases:
 Steps in Surveillance of Occupational Diseases:

1 IDENTIFICATION OF ADVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES FOR EACH HAZARD

HAZARDS
Images taken from Internet, CTTO
 Steps in Surveillance of Occupational Diseases:

2 IDENTIFICATION OF ADVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES FOR EACH HAZARD

Physical Hazards
CHEMICAL ROUTES OF ENTRY
Adverse Health Effects from Chemical Exposure
 WHY THE NEED TO MEASURE ABSORBED
AMOUNT?
The dose of an exposure to noxious agent is a strong
predictor of the likelihood and type of disease

Biological Monitoring
• Assessment to overall systemic exposure to chemicals by measurement
of the chemicals or their metabolites in blood, urine or breath.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI)

• Indicates a concentration below which nearly all workers should not
experience adverse health effect.
Acute vs. Chronic Toxicity`
Local vs. Systemic Toxicity
Chemical Hazards Adverse Health Outcomes
Chemical Hazards
Adverse Health
Outcomes
Biological Hazard
 TUBERCULOSIS

• Chronic bacterial infection

• Caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (tubercle
bacilli)
• Damages the lungs and
other body parts
• Fatal if not treated properly
Images taken from OSHC slides, CTTO
TUBERCULOSIS
Department Order No. 73-05
Guidelines for the
implementation of policy
and program on
tuberculosis (tb) prevention
and control in the
workplace
 TUBERCULOSIS
• When a person with contagious TB
disease coughs, sings, sneezes, or
laughs, TB germs can be forced from
the lungs into the air
• Another person MAY breathe in the
germs
• If the germs make it into the lungs
and are not killed by the body’s M. tuberculosis can exist
immune system, the person becomes in the air for up to six
“infected” hours, during which time
another person may
Images taken from OSHC slides, CTTO
inhale it.
SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
OF TB
 DOTS
Strategy…the
Solution!
Directly
Observed
Therapy
Short Course
 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

HIV is a virus which causes AIDS

AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome
A serious & usually fatal condition in
which the body’s immune system is
severely weakened & cannot fight
off infection
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS DO No. 102-2010
To strengthen the workplace response in
implementing the provisions of Republic
Act 8504 otherwise known as The
Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act
of 1998 and its Implementing Rules and
Regulations, and the DOLE National
Workplace Policy, in collaboration with the
Inter-Agency Committee (IAC) or, STD. HIV
and AIDS in the Workplace, the following
guidelines are issued to provide directions
for employers, employees and program
implementers in the workplace.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Body Fluids With High Viral Load
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Modes of Transmission
HIV is NOT transmitted…
 How can we prevent transmission of HIV ?

REMEMBER ABCDE!
• Abstinence
• Be Faithful to uninfected partner
• Condom use or safer sex
• Do not use / inject contaminated
needles.
• Education & ensure that blood are
screened for HIV
HEPATITIS B
DOLE - Department
ADVISORY no. 05-10
Guidelines for the
implementation of a
workplace policy and
program on Hepatitis B
 Hepatitis B
Most common cause of liver cancer and liver
Cirrhosis among Filipinos.
MODE OF
TRANSMISSION:
• Sexual contact
• Mother to child during
pregnancy or childbirth https://www.clipartmax.com/middle/m2i8b1K9K9K9b1Z5_when-w
e-assess-a-patient-with-viral-hepatitis-we-look-liver-png/

(vertical transmission)
 Hepatitis B
Most common cause of liver cancer and liver Cirrhosis
among Filipinos.
• Sexual contact
• Mother to child during
pregnancy or
childbirth (vertical
transmission)
• Blood (Contaminated)
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS OF HEPATITIS B
PRACTICE HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
 TETANUS
• An acute, often fatal disease
characterized by spasmodic
contraction of voluntary muscles,
especially those of the neck and
jaw.
• Caused by the toxin of the bacillus
Clostridium Tetani.
• Typically infects the body through
a contaminated wound.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF TETANUS

PREVENTION OF
TETANUS
• Active immunization
with tetanus toxoid
• Careful wound
management
 ERGONOMICS
“The science of adapting the
workplace, job, and tool to
the worker, not just the other
way around”
We can optimize HUMAN WELL-BEING
by proper implementation of Human
Biological Science and Engineering
Science.
International Ergonomics Association Council, 2000
 PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTOR
• Static posture, • Low back pain
Awkward posture • muscle strain,
• Extreme range of soreness and damage,
motion, Forceful • Carpal Tunnel
exertion Syndrome, De
• Repetitive movement Quervain’s disease,
Hand-arm vibration
syndrome

RISK HEALTH
FACTORS EFFECTS
PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTOR

STRES
S
Health Promotion
Substance Abuse
Top 3 Major Drugs of Abuse
Impacts of Alcohol and Drugs at Work
 Steps in Surveillance of Occupational Diseases:

3 SELECTION OF MEDICAL SCREENING TESTS

Biological Monitoring - Selected Substances
(Adopted from ACGIH, 2018):
Biological Monitoring - Selected Substances
(Adopted from ACGIH, 2018)
 Steps in Surveillance of Occupational Diseases:

4 INTERPRETATION OF DATA AND RECOMMENDATION

 Steps in Surveillance of Occupational Diseases:

5 COMMUNICATION OF RESULTS

MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
• Feedback of group results
• Ensure medical confidentiality
• Use codes instead of actual names of the employees.

COMMUNICATE TO THE HEALTH AND SAFETY COMMITTEE

• Facilitates continuous review of preventive programs
• Provides a mechanism for continuously improving health and safety performance
• Occupational Health Policies and Programs based on the results (e.g. top illnesses of the
company)
 Steps in Surveillance of Occupational Diseases:

6 DOCUMENTATION & RECORDKEEPING

TEST RESULTS, INTERPRETATION, WEM Reports

Exposure
evaluations
RECORD OF NOTIFICATIONS
• Personal health records (PHRs). Resulting
Control measures
environmental
• Standalone Personal Health Records: With modifications
implemented
a standalone PHR, patients fill in
information from their own records, and Requirements, procedures, and
interpretation of findings for health
the information is stored on patients' surveillance as specified by national
computers or the Internet. legislation (e.g., TLVs)
 RECORDKEEPING
Medical History of Workers
• Personal illnesses
• Family health problems
• Reproductive history
• Lifestyle (e.g., Smoking, drug use, etc.)
Occupational History
• Descriptions Of All Jobs Held
• Work Exposures
• Symptoms Or Illnesses At Previous
Jobs
• Personal Protective Equipment Used
 RECORDKEEPING
Physical Examination
• Complete system review
• Cardiovascular, pulmonary, and
musculoskeletal
• Eyes, ears, nasopharynx,
abdomen
• Evaluation of susceptibility
(obesity, smoking) to exposures
and physical problems (heat
stress, noise)
 Steps in Surveillance of Occupational Diseases

6 DOCUMENTATION & RECORDKEEPING

DOLE Mandatory Reports

The Annual Medical Report Form
(AMR) DOLE requires all
companies to submit 2 copies of it
to their office annually on or before
the last day of March of following
year of the covered year.
DOLE/BWC/HSD/OH-47-A (AMR)
DOLE/BWC/HSD/OH-47-A (AMR)
 Steps in Surveillance of Occupational Diseases

6 DOCUMENTATION & RECORDKEEPING

Statistical analysis
is the science of
collecting data and
uncovering
patterns and
trends.
 Role of the Safety Officer in the implementation
of the Medical Surveillance Program
A Safety Officer, also known as
an Occupational Health and Safety Officer has a role to the
Safety Officer, is a key following Steps of Medical
Surveillance:
professional in the work
environment. Safety Officers • Step No 1 - Hazard and Exposure
Assessment
provide safety management, • Step No. 2 - Identification of Adverse
advice, monitoring and reporting Health outcomes for each hazard
in the workplace, and engage • Step No. 5 – Communication of results
• Step No. 7 – Evaluation of Control
staff in programs that ensure measure
safe practice in the workplace.
 Safety Officer Responsibilities
• Establish a cordial and professional relationship with employees.
• Maintain compliance of all safety regulations.
• Conduct regular staff meetings to share best practices techniques.
• Standardize health and safety to remain consistent.
• Compile and maintain relevant registers to ensure compliance.
• Document staff information, minutes of meetings, and reports
compiled for management.
• Regularly inspect equipment.
• Conduct of Occupational Safety and Health trainings.
• Facilitation of Occupational Safety and Health meetings.
 Clear Points
• The purpose of medical surveillance in
occupational health is prevention of illness.
• When illness arises from a particular
exposure, medical surveillance is necessary.
• There are various health effects for every
health hazards present in my workplace.
• We can refer to Safety Data Sheet on the
health effects of chemicals used in the
workplace.
 Clear Points
• Medical surveillance and biological monitoring
are strategies done to check for any
abnormalities in the body at physiological and
cellular levels.
• Safety Officer must classify the risk of the
health hazards before implementing
appropriate control measures to address them.
• Medical surveillance has to be followed by
preventive action and evaluation of the
effectiveness of intervention.
WORKPLACE RISK
ASSESSMENT
 OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of the module, the
participants will be able to:
• Discuss the importance and goal of risk
assessment;
• Determine how to use the risk matrix
and risk ratings upon identifying hazards
in the workplace;
• Conduct workplace risk assessment; and
• Determine classification of risk level of
workplace
 What is a Risk Assessment?

HIRAC Identify hazards and risk factors that have

the potential to cause harm (hazard
RISK ASSESSMENT identification).

is a term used to Analyze and evaluate the risk associated

with that hazard (risk analysis, and risk
describe the overall evaluation)

process or method Determine appropriate ways to eliminate

the hazard or control the risk when the
where you: hazard cannot be eliminated (risk control).
 What is a Risk Assessment?

• A Risk Assessment will protect your

workers and your business, as well as
complying with law.
• As for when to do a risk assessment it
should simply be conducted before you or
any other employees conduct some work
which presents a risk of injury or ill-health
 What is a Risk Assessment?

Systematic Examination of all aspects of

work that considers:
• What could cause harm / injury or illness
• Whether the hazards could be eliminated
and, if not,
• What preventive or protective measures
are, or should be, in place to control risks.
 (5) Five Steps to Risk Assessment?

1. Identify the hazards

2. Decide who might be harmed and how
3. Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions
4. Record your findings and implement them.
5. Review your risk assessment and update if
necessary
How are Risk Ranked or Prioritized?
Severity Criteria
How are Risk Ranked or Prioritized?
Severity Criteria
 How are Risk Ranked or Prioritized?
THE RISK
MATRIX
How are Risk Ranked or Prioritized?
Classifications of Establishment’s Risk Level
 The following are workplaces commonly
associated with potentially HIGH-RISK activities:
Regulatory Requirements
 CLEAR POINTS
• When conducting hazard identification, it may
help to work as a team and include both people
familiar with the work area, as well as people
who are not - this way you have both the
experienced and fresh eye to conduct the
inspection.
• There is no one simple or single way to
determine the level of risk. Nor will a single
technique apply in all situations. The
organization has to determine which technique
will work best for each situation
 CLEAR POINTS
• Ranking or prioritizing hazards is one
way to help determine which risk is
the most serious and thus which to
control first.
• Any violation of the OSH Standards
and other laws must be considered as
immediately dangerous or totally
unacceptable.
WORKSHOP 2: Risk
Analysis
 What is a Risk Assessment?

HIRAC Identify hazards and risk factors that have

the potential to cause harm (hazard
RISK ASSESSMENT identification).

is a term used to Analyze and evaluate the risk associated

with that hazard (risk analysis, and risk
describe the overall evaluation)

process or method Determine appropriate ways to eliminate

the hazard or control the risk when the
where you: hazard cannot be eliminated (risk control).
Control
Measures of
Health
Hazards
 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this learning session,
the participants will be able to:
• Discuss the general principle of
controlling health hazards in the
workplace.
• Identify the different methods of
control and their importance in the
control of health hazards.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
WHY DO WE NEED TO CONTROL THE
HAZARDS?
 Occupational Health
Hazard
• A condition that results from exposure
in a workplace to a physical, chemical
or biological agent to the extent that
the normal physiological mechanisms
are affected and the health of the
worker is impaired.
• Something in the workplace that is
capable of making a worker sick.
 ”The science of Anticipation,
Identification, Evaluation and Control
of hazards arising in or from the
workplace that could impair

Industrial the health and well-being of workers,

taking into account the possible impact

Hygiene
on the surrounding communities and the
general environment.”

Source: Fundamentals Of Occupational

Health And Safety, Second Edition, ILO
 Health Hazards
Classification
CHEMICAL HAZARD
Is any substance that can
cause a health problem when
ingested or inhaled. They
CHEMICAL HAZARD
include toxins, dangerous
Dust Gases
chemicals, residue of excess Vapors Fumes
chemicals used in processing Mist
food products.
 Health Hazards
Classification
PHYSICAL HAZARD
Is an agent, factor or
circumstance that can cause
PHYSICAL HAZARD
harm with or without contact.
• Noise Physical hazards include noise,
•
•
Vibration
Illumination
illumination, vibration, heat and
•
•
Température Extrême
Radiation
cold stress, radiation and
• Pressure pressure hazards.
 Health Hazards
Classification
BIOLOGICAL HAZARD
Also known as biohazards,
refer to biological
substances that pose a BIOLOGICAL HAZARD

threat to the health of living •

•
Virus
Bacteria
organisms, primarily that of •
•
Fungi
Insect
humans. • Animals
 Health Hazards
Classification

ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
Are physical factors in the
ERGONOMIC HAZARD
environment that may
Psychosocial Hazard cause musculoskeletal
• Work Stress
• Physiological Hazard injuries or work stresses
• Non-recovery of the body
• Repetitive nature of the
work
to the worker
• Uncomfortable working
station
How Do Chemicals Become Hazardous To
Person’s Health?
When they become AIRBORNE and in EXCESSIVE
CONCENTRATION
 How Do Chemicals Become Hazardous To
Person’s Health?
Example of
this is a
pesticide,
this is
mainly use
in killing
pest in
farmlands.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
 Selecting Hazard Controls

SELECT AN APPROPRIATE CONTROL:

• By doing a Risk Assessment to evaluate
and prioritize the hazards and risks.
• By studying both "normal" and any
potential or unusual situations.
• By designing a program to suit the needs of
the individual workplace.
 Choosing a Control Method
In choosing a Control Method may involve:
• Evaluation and selection of temporary and permanent controls.
• Implementing temporary measures until permanent
(engineering) controls can be put in place.
• Implementing permanent controls when reasonably practicable

For Example.
• Noise Hazard:
• Temporary measures might require workers to use hearing
protection.
• Long term, permanent controls might use engineering
methods to remove or isolate the noise source.
 There Are Three Areas To Control Health
Hazards, Especially Chemicals

Three zones where control measures can be applied:

The Hierarchy of Controls
 The Swiss Cheese Model
Controlling exposures to
occupational hazards is the
fundamental method of
protecting workers. And by
applying different method of
controls provides multiple layer
of defense.
 THE HIERARCHY OF CONTROL:
ENGINEERING CONTROL
• Engineering controls are methods
that are built into the design of a
plant, equipment, or process to
minimize the hazard.
• Engineering controls are a very
reliable way to control worker
exposures if the controls are
designed, used and maintained
 ENGINEERING CONTROL

Elimination
• Most effective at
addressing hazard
• Physically removing
the hazard
ENGINEERING CONTROL

Substitution
Involves changing
chemical substances
and/or process with
less hazardous or
harmful one
 ENGINEERING CONTROL
Substitution
 ENGINEERING CONTROL
Substitution
 ENGINEERING CONTROL

Isolation
Enclosure of work operation to reduce
number of employees exposed to the
hazard in a control booth or area

Containment of the source of

the hazard by placing the
hazardous substance in a
sealed vessel.
 ENGINEERING CONTROL
Modification / Redesign / Automation

To change the physical

operating conditions
without changing the
chemical or process
 ENGINEERING CONTROL

Ventilation
The process of supplying or
removing air by natural or General or Dilution Ventilation

mechanical means to and from

any space.

Local Exhaust Ventilation System

 Purpose of Industrial Ventilation

• To ensure condition of thermal

comfort.
• To renew the air in the workplace,
therefore diluting eventual air
contaminants to acceptable levels.
• To prevent hazardous air
contaminants from reaching the
workers breathing zone.
 Types of General or Dilution Ventilation

Supply Fan
Exhaust
Fan

Dilution Ventilation - is the flow Mechanical Ventilation - supplies

of air between the outside and and exhaust large amounts of air
the inside of the building. to and from an area or building.
 MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Things to consider in installing industrial ventilation:

 INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION

Local Exhaust
Ventilation (LEV)
It aims at the removal
of the air
contaminants from the
working environment
before they can reach
the breathing zone of
the workers in harmful
concentration.
 THE HIERARCHY OF CONTROL:
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
Administrative controls are training,
procedure, policy, or shift designs
that lessen the threat of a hazard to
an individual. Administrative
controls typically change the
behavior of people rather than
removing the actual hazard or
providing personal protective
equipment (PPE).
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
 Example of
Administrative
Controls is
providing First
Aid Training.
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL

Development
of Procedures ,
Policy, Memo
or Guidelines
 THE HIERARCHY OF CONTROL:
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Are variety of devices

and garments
designed to serve as
a barrier between
workers and
workplace hazards.
 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

• The last line of defense in

Industrial Hygiene control
• Aids in controlling individual
exposure
• Does not eliminate the
hazard
 LIMITATIONS OF PPE
• It does not reduce or eliminate the
It does hazard
not
reduce or
eliminate
the
hazards
LIMITATIONS OF PPE

If PPE is
defective,
the wearer
may
be exposed
to the hazard
 LIMITATIONS OF PPE

Protection
afforded to
wearer only
LIMITATIONS OF PPE

May
introduce
additional
hazards to
the wearer
 LIMITATIONS OF PPE

May not be suitable

for continuous use
(i.e. respiratory PE )
LIMITATIONS OF PPE

May not
always be
worn properly
 LIMITATIONS OF PPE

PPE has limitation if

its wrong used,
wrong size, and
wrong type. PPE is
defective.
 D.O. 198-18 Section 8 PPE
PPE is a Legal
Requirement
 Head Protection

Hard Hat or Safety

Helmet
A rigid device that is worn to
provide protection for the
head and which is held in
place by a suitable
suspension.
Parts of a Hard Hat
 Eye & Face Protective Equipment
Safety Spectacles or Glasses
Are primary protective devices intended to shield the wearer’s eyes from flying and striking
objects, glare and injurious radiation hazards.

Protective eye and

face equipment shall
be required where
there is a reasonable
probability of injury
that can be prevented
by such equipment.
 Eye & Face Protective Equipment
Goggles
are primary protective devices intended to fit the face immediately
surrounding the eyes.

Unlike safety glasses, goggles provide a secure shield around the entire
eye area.
 Eye & Face Protective Equipment
Face Shield
It is a protective device intended to shield the wearer’s face, or portions thereof from striking
objects or chemical, heat and glare hazards.
 Respiratory Protective Equipment

• Oxygen or air SCBA

• Supplied air respirators
• Canister and cartridge
respirators
Criteria for Selection of Respirators
• Identification of contaminants
• Maximum possible
concentration of contaminants
in the work area
• Acceptability in terms of
comfort
• Compatibility with the nature
of job
• Proper fit to the face of user to
prevent leakage
End of Service Life Indicator
 Personal Protective Equipment
Respiratory Protection: Criteria for Selection of Respirators

• Identification of contaminants
• Maximum possible concentration of
contaminants in the work area
• Acceptability in terms of comfort
• Compatibility with the nature of job
• Proper fit to the face of user to
prevent leakage
Hearing Protection

Earplugs
Hearing protectors
placed inside the ear to
block out noise. To work
effectively, they should
fit snugly into the ear
canal.
 Hearing Protection

Earmuffs
A device composed of a
headband with two
cushioned ear cups that form
a seal around the outer ear,
covering it completely and
blocking out the noise.
Noise Reduction Rating
 Different Kinds Of Gloves

Metal mesh gloves resist Leather gloves Vinyl & neoprene

sharp edges and prevent shield your hands gloves protect your
cuts from rough surfaces hands against toxic
and heat chemicals
 Different Kinds Of Gloves

Die-Electric gloves protect you when working Cotton gloves help grasp slippery objects
around electricity. and protect against slivers, dirt, moderate
heat or cold.
 Foot Protection

Safety Shoes
• Toe cap footwear
protects your toes
from being crushed
• Mid-sole Device
protects the foot from
punctured hazards.
 Clear Points
• The principle of selecting the controls
according to the hierarchy of controls that
emphasizes engineering solutions (including
elimination or substitution) first, followed by
safe work practices, administrative controls,
and finally personal protective equipment.
• The purpose of controlling health hazards is
to manage the health hazards in the
workplace, protect the workers from illnesses
and comply to legal requirement.
CONTROL OF
SAFETY
HAZARDS
 OBJECTIVES
By the end of the module, the
participants will be able to:
• Identify and explain the different
Work Environment Control
measures
• Recognize appropriate control
measures to reduce or eliminate
the different hazards
WORKPLACE POOR HOUSEKEEPING
 Planning A Good Housekeeping Program
 5S is a tool that represents the basic
principles of housekeeping and workplace
organization. It is more than cleaning and
painting. It is a disciplined approach to keep
the workplace efficient and effective.
 Benefits Of 5S:
• Maintains safe and healthy work
conditions
• High morale. Employees feel good in their
second home.
• Improve company image.
THE 5S SYSTEM
 THE 5S SYSTEM: SEIRI/SORT

Means clearly
distinguish between
items that needed to
be kept and what
needs to be discarded
This means the
removal of items not
needed for current
operation and activity
in the workplace.
THE 5S SYSTEM: SEITON/SET

This means that

items needed in
the workplace
are arranged so
that they are
easy to find, easy
to use, and easy
to return.
 THE 5S SYSTEM: SEISO/SHINE
• Means SHINE, keeping the
workplace swept, clean, and
organized by ingraining such
habits as part of the work
culture instead of making
cleaning a periodic exercise
• Cleaning also means
Inspection
• The Best Cleaning is no
cleaning at all
 THE 5S SYSTEM:
SEIKETSU/STANDARDIZATION
• This means creating a
consistent way to carry out
tasks and procedure.
• Everyone does it the same
(documented) way.
• Make it a habit! Repeat and
Repeat and Repeat.
• It integrates Sort, Set in order,
and Shine into a unified whole.
 THE 5S SYSTEM: SHITSUKE/SUSTAIN

It means how to
challenge to
sustain the gains
of 1S to 4S
activities
5S: BEFORE AND AFTER
5S: BEFORE AND AFTER
5S: BEFORE AND AFTER
 FIRE SAFETY
• It is the biggest contributor to the
economic losses of many countries in the
world.
• It is one of the worst accidents that can
happen to an industrial enterprise or even
to a residential building or house.
• It can turn a quiet crowd into a wild-eyed,
panic-stricken mob.
• It can ravage whole forests or bring huge
buildings crumbling to the ground.
 FIRE
• The active principle of FIRE TRIANGLE
burning, characterized FUEL – can OXYGEN – in
by the heat and light of be any sufficient
combustible quantities,
combustion (RA 9514). combine with
material
• It is a rapid oxidation the fuel for
process accompanied combustion
to occur.
with the evolution of
HEAT – energy necessary to raise the
light and heat of varying temperature of the fuel and the oxygen to
intensities a point at which they will react together.
CLASSES OF FIRE
PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
 Fire Extinguisher

• Should provide
appropriate extinguisher
• Should be near the
sources of potential fire
• Should be within easy
reach
• Should be properly
labeled
How to Use the Fire Extinguisher?

It’s easy to
remember how to
use a fire
extinguisher if you
remember the
acronym PASS:
 EXTINGUISHMENTS OF FIRE

Removal of Fuel
• Excluding or
Limiting Oxygen
• Cooling
• By Interrupting the
Chain Reaction
 EXTINGUISHMENTS OF FIRE

Smothering
Removal or dilution of
air or oxygen to a point
where combustion
ceases.
 EXTINGUISHMENTS OF FIRE

Cooling
Removing the heat of
the burning substance
to a point below the
ignition temperature.
 EXTINGUISHMENTS OF FIRE

Starving
Interruption of the flame
chemistry of the chain
reaction of combustion by
injection of compounds
capable of quenching free
radical production during
their existence.
 MACHINE SAFETY

Machine
• Anything that converts
one form of energy into
mechanical energy.
• Anything that moves.
• Any contrivance that
produces work.
MACHINE SAFETY

• This man lost his finger when

a machine in a foundry cut it
off.
• There was no guard in
place, as required by law, to
keep his finger out of a point
of contact.
 MACHINE SAFETY
 Safeguarding any machine part that may cause injury. It
is the prevention of accidents when working with
machines.
 Prevents:
• Loss of life
• Severe accidents or serious injury
• Loss of production
• Equipment damage and repairs
• Having time spent on accident investigation and other statutory
requirements.
MACHINE HAZARDS: Point of Operation

That point where work is

performed on the material, such
as cutting, shaping, boring, or
forming.
• Punching Action
• Shearing Action
• Bending Action
• Cutting Action
MACHINE HAZARDS: Other Moving Parts

Other Moving Parts

All parts of the machine which move
while the machine is working.
• Rotating Parts
• Rotating and Fixed Part
• Transverse Motion or
Tangential Parts
• Parallel Axes
MACHINE HAZARDS: Other Moving
Parts
In-running nip points (or pinch
points)
Are a special danger arising
from rotating or reciprocating
parts. They occur whenever
machine parts move toward
each other or when one part
moves past a stationary object.
 MACHINE HAZARDS: Power Transmission

Power Transmission
All components of the
mechanical system
that transmit energy
to the part of the
machine performing
the work.
 MACHINE GUARDS
• Guards are barriers that prevent
entry of an individual’s hands or
other body parts into a hazard
area.
• Installed to minimize the risk of
injury to machine operators or
other persons from hazardous
machine parts, materials being
processed, or scrap.
 CHOICE OF MACHINE GUARDS

•Preventing access
during dangerous
motion.
•Preventing
dangerous motion
during access.
 PREVENTING ACCESS

Fixed
Enclosing
Guards
 PREVENTING ACCESS

Movable
Guards with
Interlocking
Switches
 PREVENTING ACCESS

Two Hand
Controls
 PREVENTING DANGEROUS MOTION

Photo Electric Light Curtains

 PREVENTING DANGEROUS MOTION

Pressure Sensitive
Edges
 PREVENTING DANGEROUS MOTION

Emergency
Stop
Button
 PREVENTING DANGEROUS MOTION

Grab Wire
Switches
 PREVENTING DANGEROUS MOTION

Telescopic
Trip
Switches
 THE MECHANICAL HIERARCHY OF MEASURES

Protection Appliances-
Used to feed a
workpiece while keeping
the operators body clear
of the danger zone.
Often used in
conjunction with guards.
 THE MECHANICAL HIERARCHY OF MEASURES

Provision of
Information,
Instruction,
Training and
Supervision.
 THE MECHANICAL HIERARCHY OF MEASURES

Personal
Protective
Equipment
 Holding Tools

• Used to place and remove

stock in the danger area
• Not to be used instead of
other machine safeguards,
but as a supplement
 LOCK-OUT TAG-OUT TRY-OUT

The standard procedure for

the control of hazardous
energy sources which cover
maintenance of machines in
unexpected start-up of
machines or release of stored
energy could cause injury to
employees.
 WHEN IS LOTOTO REQUIRED

When a worker is requiring to remove or bypass a guard or

other safety device.

When a worker is required to place any part if their body in

contact with the point of operation of the machine.

When a worker is required to put any part of their body into a

danger zone associated with the machine’s operating.
SAFETY IN MATERIAL HANDLING AND
STORAGE

A technique that includes

the art of lifting, placing,
storing, or moving
materials through the use
of appropriate handling
equipment and men.
 MATERIAL HANDLING
A technique which includes the art of lifting, placing, storing or moving
of materials through the use of appropriate handling equipment and
men.
Manual Handling
 is the of lifting, transporting and packaging of products using
own physical strength.
 Hand operated handling, transporting and packaging of
products.

Mechanical Handling
 pertains to more rigid, powered and non-powered mechanics
mainly for handling bulky and heavy items
 PROPER PROCEDURE IN MANUAL
LIFTING
REMINDERS:
• Inspect materials for sharp edges, burrs, rough
or slippery surfaces.
• Get a firm grip on the object.
• Keep fingers away from pinch points, especially
when setting down materials.
• Wipe off greasy, wet, slippery, or dirty objects
before trying to handle them.
• Never attempt to lift that are either too heavy
or bulky to handle safely.
 PROPER PROCEDURE IN MANUAL
LIFTING
ACTIONS
• Stand close to the load and face the way you intend to
move
• Keep feet apart
• Be sure you have a good grip
on the load
• Look forward to keep back
straight
 PROPER PROCEDURE IN MANUAL
LIFTING
DO WEAR…
• Lightweight, flexible, tear and
puncture-resistant clothing,
• Safety boots with toe caps and
slip-resistant soles, and
• Protective gloves, appropriate for
the materials being handled.
 MECHANICAL MANUAL HANDLING
EQUIPMENT
• Non-power driven
• Wheeler/hand truck
• Wheelbarrow
• Cart
• Drum tilter
• Trolley
• Hand pallet (pallet jack)
• Pulley
 MECHANICAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT
Power Driven
• Forklifts
• Cranes
• Conveyors
• Power driven
hoists
• Motorized pallet
jacks
 Mechanical Handling General Requirements
• Operators must be under skills
training and must be authorized.
• Equipment must be regularly
inspected and maintained.
Principles Of Material Storage
Must have a smooth flow of materials,
material handling equipment, and people.
• Stored materials must not create a hazard.
• Should have a proper danger or warning
signs.
• Materials & material handling equipment
should not obstruct emergency equipment
such as fire alarm buttons, evacuation maps,
first aid kits, fire extinguishers (portable or
fixed), etc.
 MATERIALS STORAGE GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
• Stored materials must not create a
hazard.
• Should have proper danger or
warning signs.
• Materials & material handling
equipment should not obstruct
emergency equipment such as fire
alarm buttons, evacuation map,
first aid kits, fire extinguishers
(portable or fixed) etc.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY

ELECTRICITY
It is a silent, invisible force
that can kill without warning
if its dangers are ignored.
Treat this powerful energy
with caution and respect, and
you need not fear it.
 Electricity Is All Around Us
• We all use
electrical devices
every day.
• Some may present
safety hazards.
• To be safe, we must
properly handle all
electrical devices.
Preventing Electrical Shocks

• Using only “approved” devices.

 UL in the USA
 CSA in Canada
 CE in the EU
 PS and ICC in the PH
• Most countries have similar
rating organizations
 Preventing Electrical Shocks
• Use only electrical equipment or devices
that are in “good” condition.
o
Clean & Dry
 Water contributes to many electrical
shock incidents
o
Intact, no cracks or holes in the case
o
Power cord is in good condition
 No worn spots or cracked insulation
o
Regularly inspected
 Following Safe Practices

• Use electrical equipment

as it was intended to be
used.
• Follow manufacturers
recommendations
• Follow all site safe
practices
 Avoid and Report Hazards

If you encounter an electrical hazard:

1. Stay away from
the hazard
2. Take steps to
keep others
away
3. Report the
hazard
 Grounding

Grounding creates a low-resistance

path from a tool to the earth to
disperse unwanted current.

When a short or lightning occurs,

energy flows to the ground,
protecting you from electrical
shock, injury and death.
250
 Responding to an Electrical Emergency
If you encounter a person who
appears injured or unconscious,
and may be in contact with an
electrical circuit:
• Call for help immediately.
• Stand by to warn others.
• Do not touch or approach!
• Do not become an additional
casualty!
• Wait for qualified personnel to
arrive.
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters
A Class A Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) works by detecting any
loss of electrical current in a circuit (e.g., it will trip at a maximum of 6mA).
When a loss is detected, the GFCI turns the electricity off before severe
injuries or electrocution can occur. A painful non-fatal shock may occur
during the time that it takes for the GFCI to cut off the electricity, so it is
important to use the GFCI as an extra protective measure rather than a
replacement for safe work practices.

GFCI wall outlets can be installed in place of standard outlets to protect

against electrocution for just that outlet, or a series of outlets in the same
branch circuit. A GFCI Circuit Breaker can be installed on some circuit
breaker electrical panels to protect an entire branch circuit. Portable in-
line plug-in GFCIs can be plugged into wall outlets where appliances will be
used.
 LOCK-OUT TAG-OUT TRY-OUT

The standard procedure for

the control of hazardous
energy sources which cover
maintenance of machines in
unexpected start-up of
machines or release of stored
energy could cause injury to
employees.
 Clear Points
• 5S is a tool that represents the basic principles of
housekeeping and workplace organization.
• Fire is a rapid oxidation process with the evolution
of light and heat
• Guards are barriers that prevent entry of an
individual’s hands or other body parts into a
hazard area.
• Operators must be under skills training. Storage
areas shall be safe, accessible and orderly as well.
• Regular inspection of electrical fixtures and
equipment/machines will allow early detection
and correction of defects.
WORKSHOP 3: Control the Hazard

IDENTIFY what kind of

CONTROL MEASURE to
institute based on your Risk
Rating and recommend
specific control measures
based on the Hierarchy Of
Controls
WORKSHOP 3: Control the Hazard