Which of the following is used as a coenzyme by

aminotransferases

a. Biotin
b. Lipoate
c. Pyridoxal phosphate
d. Tetrahydrofolate
e. Thiamine pyrophosphate
Which of the following is used as a coenzyme by
aminotransferases

a. Biotin
b. Lipoate
c. Pyridoxal phosphate
d. Tetrahydrofolate
e. Thiamine pyrophosphate
Transamination reactions involve the conversion of
alpha-ketoglutarate to (or from) which of the following

a. Arginine
b. Glutamate
c. Glutamine
d. Pyruvate
e. Succinate
Transamination reactions involve the conversion of
alpha-ketoglutarate to (or from) which of the following

a. Arginine
b. Glutamate
c. Glutamine
d. Pyruvate
e. Succinate
Which of the following directly donates amino groups
into the urea cycle for incorporation into and disposal as
urea
a. Aspartate
b. Glutamate
c. Glutamine
d. Glycine
e. Ornithine
Which of the following directly donates amino
groups into the urea cycle for incorporation into
and disposal as urea

a. Aspartate
b. Glutamate
c. Glutamine
d. Glycine
e. Ornithine
Which two amino acids serve as the primary nitrogen
donors for the biosynthesis of the other amino acids

a. Aspartate and alanine

b. Aspartate and asparagine
c. Glutamate and glutamine
d. Glutamate and glycine
e. Glutamate and serine
Which two amino acids serve as the primary
nitrogen donors for the biosynthesis of the
other amino acids

a. Aspartate and alanine

b. Aspartate and asparagine
c. Glutamate and glutamine
d. Glutamate and glycine
e. Glutamate and serine
20) All amino acids can be synthesized from intermediates of the:
A) glycolytic pathway alone.
B) glycolytic pathway and the pentose phosphate pathway.
C) citric acid cycle alone.
D) the glycolytic pathway and citric acid cycle.
E) the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway and citric acid cycle.
20) All amino acids can be synthesized from intermediates of the:
A) glycolytic pathway alone.
B) glycolytic pathway and the pentose phosphate pathway.
C) citric acid cycle alone.
D) the glycolytic pathway and citric acid cycle.
E) the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway and citric acid cycle.
Answer: E
22) Apart from in the synthesis of methionine, S-adenosylmethionine is the only biological
________ group donor.

19) Arginine and methionine can be synthesized by mammals but are generally classed as
essential amino acids.
22) Apart from in the synthesis of methionine, S-adenosylmethionine is the only biological
________ group donor.
Answer: methyl

19) Arginine and methionine can be synthesized by mammals but are generally classed as
essential amino acids.
Answer: TRUE
Which of the following serves as the primary direct
donor of activated methyl groups in biosynthetic
pathways
a. Adenosine monophosphate
b. Choline
c. Homocysteine
d. S-adenosylmethionine
e. Tetrahydrofolate
Which of the following serves as the primary direct
donor of activated methyl groups in biosynthetic
pathways
a. Adenosine monophosphate
b. Choline
c. Homocysteine
d. S-adenosylmethionine
e. Tetrahydrofolate
9) The Q cycle is responsible for transferring electrons from a two-electron donor ________ to a
one-electron acceptor ________ at the point of complex III of the mitochondrial respiratory
chain.

8) Electron transport through NADH-Coenzyme Q reductase (Complex I) is accompanied by

transfer of ________ protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
9) The Q cycle is responsible for transferring electrons from a two-electron donor ________ to a
one-electron acceptor ________ at the point of complex III of the mitochondrial respiratory
chain.
Answer: CoQH2, cytochrome c

8) Electron transport through NADH-Coenzyme Q reductase (Complex I) is accompanied by

transfer of ________ protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
Answer: four
Which of the following best characterizes NADH and
NADPH
a. NADH and NADPH are interchangeably
used for both ATP generation and
biosynthesis.
b. NADH is primarily used for ATP generation,
whereas NADPH is primarily used for
biosynthesis.
c. NADPH is primarily used for ATP generation,
whereas NADH is primarily used for
biosynthesis.
d. Both ATP generation and biosynthesis
preferentially use NADH over NADPH.
e. Both ATP generation and biosynthesis
preferentially use NADPH over NADH.
Which of the following best characterizes NADH and
NADPH
a. NADH and NADPH are interchangeably
used for both ATP generation and
biosynthesis.
b. NADH is primarily used for ATP generation,
whereas NADPH is primarily used for
biosynthesis.
c. NADPH is primarily used for ATP generation,
whereas NADH is primarily used for
biosynthesis.
d. Both ATP generation and biosynthesis
preferentially use NADH over NADPH.
e. Both ATP generation and biosynthesis
preferentially use NADPH over NADH.
Which of the following enzyme complexes catalyzes the
reduction of oxygen to water during oxidative
phosphorylation
a. ATP synthase
b. Cytochrome c oxidase
c. NADH-Q oxidoreductase
d. Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase
e. Succinate-Q reductase
Which of the following enzyme complexes catalyzes the
reduction of oxygen to water during oxidative
phosphorylation
a. ATP synthase
b. Cytochrome c oxidase
c. NADH-Q oxidoreductase
d. Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase
e. Succinate-Q reductase
Which of the following carriers in the electron-transport
chain is a protein (as opposed to a small molecule)

a. Cytochrome c
b. FADH2
c. NADH
d. Succinate
e. Ubiquinone or coenzyme Q
Which of the following carriers in the electron-transport
chain is a protein (as opposed to a small molecule)

a. Cytochrome c
b. FADH2
c. NADH
d. Succinate
e. Ubiquinone or coenzyme Q
3) Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) All of the protein complexes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain are bound in the inner
mitochondrial membrane.
B) Cytochrome c and coenzyme Q are both soluble electron carriers that are loosely attached to
the outside of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
C) Oxygen is reduced to water at complex IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.
D) The citric acid cycle is linked directly to the mitochondrial respiratory chain at the site of
complex II.
E) During electron transport protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane from
the matrix to the intermembrane space.
3) Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) All of the protein complexes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain are bound in the inner
mitochondrial membrane.
B) Cytochrome c and coenzyme Q are both soluble electron carriers that are loosely attached to
the outside of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
C) Oxygen is reduced to water at complex IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.
D) The citric acid cycle is linked directly to the mitochondrial respiratory chain at the site of
complex II.
E) During electron transport protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane from
the matrix to the intermembrane space.
7) Which of the following statements about oxidative phosphorylation by ATP synthase is
FALSE?
A) The electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane generated by electron
flow is used to synthesize ATP.
B) Uncouplers dissipate the electrochemical gradient but electron transport continues without
ATP production.
C) Inhibitors disrupt electron flow as well as ATP synthesis.
D) A proton gradient alone without a corresponding energy input is not sufficient to drive the
synthesis of ATP.
E) ATP synthesis occurs via simultaneous conformational changes in protein subunits containing
catalytic sites.
7) Which of the following statements about oxidative phosphorylation by ATP synthase is
FALSE?
A) The electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane generated by electron
flow is used to synthesize ATP.
B) Uncouplers dissipate the electrochemical gradient but electron transport continues without
ATP production.
C) Inhibitors disrupt electron flow as well as ATP synthesis.
D) A proton gradient alone without a corresponding energy input is not sufficient to drive the
synthesis of ATP.
E) ATP synthesis occurs via simultaneous conformational changes in protein subunits containing
catalytic sites.
Answer: D
3) Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) All of the protein complexes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain are bound in the inner
mitochondrial membrane.
B) Cytochrome c and coenzyme Q are both soluble electron carriers that are loosely attached to
the outside of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
C) Oxygen is reduced to water at complex IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.
D) The citric acid cycle is linked directly to the mitochondrial respiratory chain at the site of
complex II.
E) During electron transport protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane from
the matrix to the intermembrane space.
17) The reduced cofactor used in fatty acid synthesis is ________.

18) All of the fatty acid synthase reactions are carried out on substrates attached to acyl carrier
protein via a ________ linkage.

19) Elongation of fatty acids from palmitate occurs only in the mitochondrion.
17) The reduced cofactor used in fatty acid synthesis is ________.
Answer: NADPH

18) All of the fatty acid synthase reactions are carried out on substrates attached to acyl carrier
protein via a ________ linkage.
Answer: thioester

19) Elongation of fatty acids from palmitate occurs only in the mitochondrion.
Answer: FALSE
During beta-oxidation, the carbon backbone of fatty
acids is converted into which of the following

a. Carbon dioxide
b. Pyruvate
c. Acetyl groups
d. Malonyl groups
e. Succinyl groups
During beta-oxidation, the carbon backbone of fatty
acids is converted into which of the following

a. Carbon dioxide
b. Pyruvate
c. Acetyl groups
d. Malonyl groups
e. Succinyl groups
Which of the following best describes, in order, the
complete series of catalyzed reactions that occurs as a
molecule of acyl-CoA is shortened by one two-carbon
unit during fatty acid degradation

a. Hydration; oxidation; thiolysis

b. Oxidation; hydration; oxidation; thiolysis
c. Oxidation; hydration; reduction; thiolysis
d. Oxidation; hydration; thiolysis
e. Reduction; hydration; oxidation; thiolysis
Which of the following best describes, in order, the
complete series of catalyzed reactions that occurs as a
molecule of acyl-CoA is shortened by one two-carbon
unit during fatty acid degradation

a. Hydration; oxidation; thiolysis

b. Oxidation; hydration; oxidation; thiolysis
c. Oxidation; hydration; reduction; thiolysis
d. Oxidation; hydration; thiolysis
e. Reduction; hydration; oxidation; thiolysis
Which of the following is the activated acyl
intermediate that is the substrate for acyl-CoA
synthetase
a. Acyl-adenylate
b. Acyl-glutarate
c. Acyl-ornithine
d. Acyl-pyridoxal phosphate
e. Acyl-uridylate
Which of the following is the activated acyl
intermediate that is the substrate for acyl-CoA
synthetase
a. Acyl-adenylate
b. Acyl-glutarate
c. Acyl-ornithine
d. Acyl-pyridoxal phosphate
e. Acyl-uridylate
Which of the following is an accurate statement
regarding biological membrane lipids
a. Cholesterol is a steroid lipid with two fatty
acid chains.
b. Phosphatidylcholine is less abundant in
biological membranes than
phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate.
c. Phosphatidylseriine has a net positive
charge.
d. Plasma membrane glycolipids are
preferentially located in the extracellular-
facing leaflet of the lipid bilayer.
e. Sphingomyelin is a phospholipid that is
derived from glycerol
Which of the following is an accurate statement
regarding biological membrane lipids
a. Cholesterol is a steroid lipid with two fatty
acid chains.
b. Phosphatidylcholine is less abundant in
biological membranes than
phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate.
c. Phosphatidylseriine has a net positive
charge.
d. Plasma membrane glycolipids are
preferentially located in the extracellular-
facing leaflet of the lipid bilayer.
e. Sphingomyelin is a phospholipid that is
derived from glycerol
Which of the following best characterizes the activated
form of diacylglycerol from which phospholipids are
synthesized

a. AMP-diacylglycerol
b. ADP-diacylglycerol
c. CDP-diacylglycerol
d. IMP-diacylglycerol
e. UDP-diacylglycerol
Which of the following best characterizes the activated
form of diacylglycerol from which phospholipids are
synthesized

a. AMP-diacylglycerol
b. ADP-diacylglycerol
c. CDP-diacylglycerol
d. IMP-diacylglycerol
e. UDP-diacylglycerol
In animals, the carbon backbone of glucose _____ be
metabolically converted and stoichiometrically utilized
for synthesis of fatty acids; in animals, the carbon
backbone of fatty acids _____ be metabolically
converted and stoichiometrically utilized for synthesis
of glucose.
a. Can; can
b. Can; cannot
c. Can only; can only
d. Cannot; can
e. Cannot; cannot
In animals, the carbon backbone of glucose _____ be
metabolically converted and stoichiometrically utilized
for synthesis of fatty acids; in animals, the carbon
backbone of fatty acids _____ be metabolically
converted and stoichiometrically utilized for synthesis
of glucose.
a. Can; can
b. Can; cannot
c. Can only; can only
d. Cannot; can
e. Cannot; cannot
Which of the following metabolic pathways and
intracellular localization of the pathway are correctly
paired
a. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids; mitochondrial
matrix
b. Citric acid cycle; cytoplasm
c. Fatty acid synthesis; cytoplasm
d. Glycolysis; mitochondrial matrix
e. Pentose phosphate pathway; peroxisomes
Which of the following metabolic pathways and
intracellular localization of the pathway are correctly
paired
a. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids; mitochondrial
matrix ≈
b. Citric acid cycle; cytoplasm
c. Fatty acid synthesis; cytoplasm
d. Glycolysis; mitochondrial matrix
e. Pentose phosphate pathway; peroxisomes
Which of the following best describes the biochemical
role of carnitine in fatty acid metabolism

a. It accepts electrons from FADH2 to

regenerate the FAD reduced during fatty acid
oxidation.
b. It acts as a carrier of fatty acids across the
inner mitochondrial membrane.
c. It acts as a direct source of malonyl groups
for fatty acid synthesis.
d. It is decarboxylated to provide a
thermodynamic driving force for fatty acid
synthesis.
e. It solvates the elongating hydrophobic chain
produced during fatty acid synthesis
Which of the following best describes the biochemical
role of carnitine in fatty acid metabolism

a. It accepts electrons from FADH2 to

regenerate the FAD reduced during fatty acid
oxidation.
b. It acts as a carrier of fatty acids across the
inner mitochondrial membrane.
c. It acts as a direct source of malonyl groups
for fatty acid synthesis.
d. It is decarboxylated to provide a
thermodynamic driving force for fatty acid
synthesis.
e. It solvates the elongating hydrophobic chain
produced during fatty acid synthesis