Three Phase Line & Load

Regulation using SCR and

Microcontroller

1 2 3 4 5
 Introduction

Project Objective

General Introduction

Project Introduction

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 Objective
To upgrade the existing three phase
analog regulatory system, to a three phase,
microcontroller based SCR drive system.
So that if any fluctuation comes in three
phase voltage supply, controller will Sense
that fluctuation and accordingly give
triggering pulses to the SCR to get
controlled regulated output at the load.

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 General Introduction
In our day to day life we use a lot of electronic
devices to satisfy
our needs or to make our life comfortable and
luxurious.

Every device needs a power supply, to work on. And

for the optimum functioning of the device it is
necessary that the supply should be reliable.

That is, it should provide a constant voltage. But this

is not possible always.
There are many reasons due to which there is a
fluctuation in the supply voltage. This change in the
supply voltage may cause the device to damage.

The best alternative is to regulate the supply voltage.

This is what we have tried to achieve here.

Regulation is a process to maintain the output of a

circuit at a constant desired level irrespective to the
variation in the input.

Back
 Project Introduction
Load has a constant voltage of 220 V dc., in spite of
any variation in the input voltage.

The voltage regulation is achieved by controlling the

firing angle of the SCR.

The voltage across the load is stepped down and

provided to ADC.

This digital signal from ADC is then processed by the

controller and generates a firing pulse for SCR, hence
controlling the load current.
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• Block Diagram

• Block Diagram Description

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 POWER
24V AC 230V AC
SUPPLY

SCR
ZERO
BRIDGE O/P
CROSSING
CKT
DETECTOR

MICRO-
CLOCK & CONTROLLER
RESET
CKT
POTENTIAL
DIVIDER

ADC

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 Block Diagram Description
• POWER SUPPLY
• ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR
• SCR BRIDGE NETWORK
• POTENTIAL DIVIDER
• ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC 0808)
• MICROCONTROLLER 89C51RD2

Back
 Power Supply
• Center tapped step down transformer with rating
240V to 24V and 500mA.

• Regulator LM7805 for 5V supply.

• Regulator MC7815C for 15V supply to op-amp.

• Regulator L7915 for -15V supply to op-amp.

Back
 Zero Crossing Detector

• Used for synchronization with input mains supply.

• OP-AMP UA 741 is used.

• Supply is given from regulators to OP-AMP.

Back
 SCR Bridge
Consist of:

• Two pair of SCR in a bridge form, i.e. each two in

series

• And a load (assumed resistive, 10k ohm)

Back
 Potential Divider

• Provides feedback to ADC

• Uses the ratio is 59:1

Back
 Analog to Digital Converter

• Input dc analog from Potential divider

• Output digital to microcontroller

Back
 Micro-controller
• The only Decision making block of the system

• Takes decision of the firing angle of the SCR

• Acts as a comparator

Back
 Circuit Diagram & Component
Specification

• Circuit Diagram

• Component Specifications

Back
 U 9

26 17
27 IN 0 D B 0 14
28 IN 1 D B 1 15
1 IN 2 D B 2 8
2 IN 3 D B 3 18
3 IN 4 D B 4 19 U 3
4 IN 5 D B 5 20
5 IN 6 D B 6 21 39 21
IN 7 D B 7 38 P 0 .0 /A D 0 P 2 .0 /A 8 22 R 4
25 7 37 P 0 .1 /A D 1 P 2 .1 /A 9 23

AD C 0808
24 AD D A EO C 36 P 0 .2 /A D 2 P 2 .2 /A 1 0 24
23 AD D B 35 P 0 .3 /A D 3 P 2 .3 /A 1 1 25

R 4 + R 5 + R 6 = 59K
AD D C 34 P 0 .4 /A D 4 P 2 .4 /A 1 2 26
12 33 P 0 .5 /A D 5 P 2 .5 /A 1 3 27 R 5
16 +VR EF 32 P 0 .6 /A D 6 P 2 .6 /A 1 4 28
-V R E F P 0 .7 /A D 7 P 2 .7 /A 1 5
10 1 10
C LK 2 P 1 .0 P 3 .0 /R XD 11
P 1 .1 P 3 .1 /T XD

89C 51
22 3 12 Q1 Q2 R 3 R 6
9 ALE 4 P 1 .2 P 3 .2 /IN T 0 13 SC R SC R
6 OE 5 P 1 .3 P 3 .3 /IN T 1 14 10k
S TA R T 6 P 1 .4 P 3 .4 /T 0 15
11 7 P 1 .5 P 3 .5 /T 1 16 D 7 D 8 R 7
VC C VC C 8 P 1 .6 P 3 .6 /W R 17

D IO D E
D IO D E
P 1 .7 P 3 .7 /R D 1k
19 30
C 7 18 XTA L1 A L E /P R O G 29
1 0 u fC 5 XTA L2 PSEN
30 pf 31
R 1 9 E A /V P P
8 .2 k R ST VCC
20 M H Z

Y 1

C 6 30 pf

D 1 D IO D E
U 2 LM 7805
TR AN SFO R M ER C T

T1 24v DC
1 5 1 3
V IN VO U T VC C
1
6 D IO D E D 2 +5V
240v ac
4 8 M C 7815C
2 1 3
10uf

D IO D E D 3 V IN V O U T +15v C 4

0 .1 u f
D 4 D IO D E C 2

7
1
U 6 R 2 3 + U 8
1 k 6
P 2 .5
10uf C 5 2 -
2 3 -15v
V IN VO U T

U A741C
D 6
C 3 D IO D E

4
5
Back
L 7915 U 7 1 k
0 .1 u f

R 2
 Component Specification
• Regulators LM7805, MC7815, L7915
• Diodes 1N4007
• Op-Amp UA741
• Analog to Digital Converter ADC0808
• Micro-Controller P89C51RD2
• SCR MCR100-6

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 LM7805
• 3-Terminal Regulators

• Output Current up to 1.5 A

• Internal Thermal-Overload Protection

• Input voltage 35v max

• Operating virtual junction temperature, 150C

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Back
 MC7815
• Output Current in Excess of 1.0 A

• No External Components Required

• Internal Thermal Overload Protection

• Internal Short Circuit Current Limiting

• Temperature Range of –40°C to +125°C

• Standard 3–Lead Transistor Packages

• Input voltage 40V dc Max

Back
Back
 L7915

• Output Current up to 1.5A

• Thermal overload protection

• Short circuit protection

• Input voltage 40V dc Max

• Standard 3–Lead Transistor Packages

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Back
 Diode
• High surge current capability.

• Peak repetitive reverse voltage 1000 V

• Average rectified forward current 1A
• Operating junction temperature -55 to +175 C
• Power dissipation 3 W

Back
 Op-amp
• Large Input Voltage range
• High gain
• Short-Circuit protection
• Supply voltage +/- 22V
• Input voltage +/- 15V
• Power dissipation 500mW

Back
 Microcontroller
• 80C51 Central Processing Unit.
• On-chip Flash Program Memory with In-System
Programming (ISP) and In-Application Programming
(IAP) capability
• 6 clocks per machine cycle operation (standard)
• Speed up to 20 MHz with 6 clock cycles per machine
cycle(40 MHz equivalent performance)
• RAM expandable externally to 64 kB
• 4 level priority interrupt
• Four 8-bit I/O ports. Pin diagram
• Power control modes
- Clock can be stopped and resumed
- Idle mode
- Power down mode Back
Back
 MCR 100-6
• Blocking Voltage to 600 V.

• ON State Current Rating of 0.8 Amperes.

• Latching Current is typ. 0.6 mA and max. 10 mA.

• Holding Current is typ. 0.5 mA and max. 5 mA.

• High Surge Current Capability 10 A.

• SCR Characteristics

• 3–Lead Transistor Packages

Back
 Voltage Current characteristic
of SCR

Back
 ADC 0808
• 8-channel multiplexer with address logic.

• 0V to 5V input range with single 5V power supply.

• Resolution 8 bits.

• Conversion time 100 us.

• Voltage at Control Inputs -0.3V to +15V

Back
Pin Diagram
Back
Back
 U 9

26 1 7
27 IN 0 D B 0 1 4
28 IN 1 D B 1 1 5
1 IN 2 D B 2 8
2 IN 3 D B 3 1 8
3 IN 4 D B 4 1 9 U 3
4 IN 5 D B 5 2 0
5 IN 6 D B 6 2 1 3 9 2 1
IN 7 D B 7 3 8 P 0 .0 /A D 0 P 2 .0 /A 8 2 2 R 4
25 7 3 7 P 0 .1 /A D 1 P 2 .1 /A 9 2 3

AD C 0808
24 AD D A EO C 3 6 P 0 .2 /A D 2 P2 .2 /A 1 0 2 4

R 4 + R 5 + R 6 = 59K
23 AD D B 3 5 P 0 .3 /A D 3 P2 .3 /A 1 1 2 5
AD D C 3 4 P 0 .4 /A D 4 P2 .4 /A 1 2 2 6
P 0 .5 /A D 5 P2 .5 /A 1 3 P 2 .5
12 3 3 2 7 R 5
16 +VR EF 3 2 P 0 .6 /A D 6 P2 .6 /A 1 4 2 8
-V R E F P 0 .7 /A D 7 P2 .7 /A 1 5
10 1 1 0 Q 1
C LK 2 P 1 .0 P 3 .0 /R XD 1 1

89C 51
22 3 P 1 .1 P 3 .1 /T X D 1 2 SC R Q 2 R 3 R 6
9 ALE 4 P 1 .2 P 3 .2 /IN T 0 1 3 SC R
6 O E 5 P 1 .3 P 3 .3 /IN T 1 1 4 10k
S TA R T 6 P 1 .4 P 3 .4 /T 0 1 5
11 7 P 1 .5 P 3 .5 /T 1 1 6 R 8
VC C VC C 8 P 1 .6 P 3 .6 /W R 1 7
P 1 .7 P 3 .7 /R D Q 3 SC R 1k
19 30 SC R Q 4
C 7 18 XTA L1 A L E /P R O G 29
1 0 u fC 5 XTA L2 PSEN
30 pf 31
R 1 9 E A /V P P
8 .2 k R ST VCC
20 M H Z

Y 1

C 6 30 pf

D 1 D IO D E
T R AN SFO R M ER C T

U 2 LM 7805
T1 24v DC
1 5 1 3
V IN VO U T VC C
1
6 D IO D E D 2 +5V
240v ac
4 8 M C 7815C
2 1 3
10uf

D IO D E D 3 V IN V O U T +15v C 4

0 .1 u f
D 4 D IO D E C 2

7
1
U 6 R 2 3 + U 8
1 k 6
P 2 .5
10uf C 5 2 -
2 3 -15v

U A741C
V IN VO U T D 6
C 3 D IO D E

4
5
L 7915 U 7 1 k
0 .1 u f

R 2

Back
Three Phase Line & Load
Regulation using SCR and
Microcontroller
 FLOW CHARTS
• Main Program (Flow-chart & Code)

• Read Output of ADC

• Pulse Width Calculation

• Delay Calculation for Firing Pulse

• Delay for Firing Pulse

Back
Three Phase Line & Load
Regulation using SCR and
Microcontroller
 Start

Set timer in mode zero

Load timer with ADC Val.

Start
timer

No
Is
TF=1

Yes

Stop
timer

Reset timer flag

End
Back
 Start

Get value for

timer
register from
look-up table

End

Back
 Start

Set timer in mode zero

Load timer register

Start
timer

No

Is
TF=1

Yes

Stop
timer

Reset timer flag

End Back
 Start

Activate
ALE

Activate
SOC

Monitor
EOC

Activate output enable

End

Back
 A

Read output from ADC

Delay calc. for firing pulse

Yes
Is ZCD=1

No

Delay for firing pulse

Set port pin P2.1

Pulse width delay

Reset port pin P2.1

R
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 START

Set port P1 as input port

Read output of ADC

Delay calc. for firing pulse

No
Is ZCD=1

Yes

Delay for firing pulse

Set port pin

P2.0

Pulse width delay

Reset port pin P2.0

A
Next
Back
 Conclusion
We designed hardware for voltage regulation by
using SCR Bridge, which senses fluctuations in the
single-phase input mains supply across the load and
nullifies it.

Hence our device is capable of regulating the

single-phase mains supply to a constant dc supply
across the load, irrespective of any changes in the
supply, hence providing protection to the load device
from getting damaged due to sudden variations in the
mains.

Next
 Future Enhancement

To implement the line and load regulation of

three phase supply.

Implementation of ARM co-processor in place of

micro-controller 89C51RD2.

Next
Thank you
unsigned int delay_calc()
{ unsigned char i,ip=0;
unsigned int hex_value=0;
code unsigned char ip_adc[ ]={0xC2, 0xC3, 0xC4, 0xC5, 0xC6, 0xc7, 0xC8,
0xC9, 0xCA, 0xCB, 0xCC, 0xCD, 0xCE, 0xCF,
0xD0, 0xD1, 0xD2, 0xD3, 0xD4, 0xD5, 0xD6,
0xD7, 0xD8, 0xD9, 0xDA, 0xDB, 0xDC, 0xDD,
0xDE, 0xDF, 0xE0, 0xE1, 0xE2, 0xE3, 0xE4,
0xE5, 0xE6, 0xE7, 0xE8, 0xE9, 0xEA, 0xEB,
0xEC, 0xED, 0xEE, 0xEF, 0xF0, 0xF1, 0xF2,
0xF3, 0xF4, 0xF5, 0xF6, 0xF7, 0xF8, 0xF9,
0xFA, 0xFB, 0xFC, 0xFD, 0xFE, 0xFF};
code unsigned int tmod_value[ ]={0xFD1D, 0xFBDE, 0xFAED, 0xFA23, 0xF972, 0xF8D4, 0xF843,
0xF7BC, 0xF73F, 0xF6C9, 0xF659, 0xF5EF, 0xF58A, 0xF529,
0xF4CC, 0xF472, 0xF41B, 0xF3C8, 0xF377, 0xF329, 0xF2DD,
0xF293, 0xF248, 0xF205, 0xF1C0, 0xF17E, 0xF13C, 0xF0FD,
0xF0BF, 0xF082, 0xF046, 0xF00C, 0xEFD3, 0xEF9A, 0xEF63,
0xEF2D, 0xEEF8, 0xEEC4, 0xEE91, 0xEE5F, 0xEE2D, 0xEDFD,
0xEDCD, 0xED9D, 0xED6F, 0xED41, 0xED14, 0xECE8, 0xECBC,
0xEC91, 0xEC66, 0xEC3D, 0xEC13, 0xEBEA, 0xEBC2, 0xEB9A,
0xEB73, 0xEB4C, 0xEB26, 0xEB00, 0xEADB, 0xEAB6};
ip=P1;
if(ip>0xC1)
{ for(i=0;i<62;i++)
{ if(ip==ip_adc[i])
{ hex_value=tmod_value[i];
break; } }
} else
{hex_value=0xFFFF;}
return(hex_value); Back
}
sbit trigger1=P2^0;

sbit trigger2=P2^1;

sbit soc=P2^2;

sbit eoc=P2^3;

sbit oe=P2^4;

sbit zcd=P2^5;

Back
unsigned char ADC(void);

void delay_trigger(void);

unsigned int delay_calc(void);

void angle_delay(unsigned char, unsigned char);

Back
unsigned char ADC(void)
{
oe=1;

soc=1;
LOOP_5:
soc=0;
if(soc==1)
goto LOOP_5;

while(eoc==1);

oe=0;
return(0);
}

Back
void delay_trigger()
{
TMOD=0x01;
TH0=0xF9;
TL0=0x7D;
TR0=1;
while(!TF0);
TR0=0;
TF0=0;
}

Back
void angle_delay(unsigned char tl0, unsigned char th0)
{
TMOD=0x01;
TL0 = tl0;
TH0 = th0;
TR0 = 1;
while(!TF0);
TR0 = 0;
TF0 = 0;
}

Back
#include <stdio.h>
#include <reg51.h>
#include <set_bit.h>
#include <func_declaration.h>
#include <ADC.h>
#include <delay_trigger.h>
#include <angle_delay.h>
#include <delay_calc.h>
void main()
{ unsigned int b;
unsigned char tl0,th0;
do{ P1=0x0ff;
ADC();
b = delay_calc();
tl0 = b;
b = b&0xFF00;
b = b>>8;
th0=b;
while(!zcd);
angle_delay(tl0,th0);
LOOP_2:
trigger1=1;
if(!trigger1)
goto LOOP_2;

delay_trigger(); //turn on time delay(pulse width)tot=1000us.

Next
 LOOP_3: trigger1=0;
if(trigger1)
goto LOOP_3;

ADC();
b = delay_calc();
tl0 = b;
b = b&0xFF00;
b = b>>8;
th0=b;
while(zcd);
angle_delay(tl0,th0);
LOOP_4: trigger2=1;
if(!trigger2)
goto LOOP_4;

delay_trigger(); //turn on time delay(pulse width)tot=1000us.

LOOP_5: trigger2=0;
if(trigger2)
goto LOOP_5;
}while(1);
}
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