Nucleotides

Dr. Muhammad Imran

Chargaff's rules state that DNA from any cell of any
organisms should have a 1:1 ratio (base Pair Rule) of
pyrimidine and purine bases and, more specifically, that the
amount of guanine should be equal to cytosine and the
amount of adenine should be equal to thymine. This
pattern is found in both strands of the DNA.
 Polynucleotides
• Nucleotides are joined together by 3'-5'
phosphodiester bonds to form
polynucleotides.
• Polymerization of ribonucleotides will produce
an RNA while polymerization of
deoxyribonucleotides leads to DNA.
 PURINE BASES

1. ADENINE ( A )
2. GUANINE ( G )
• Present In Both DNA & RNA
• Larger Heterocyclic Bases
• Contain 9 Atoms 4N+5C
• Counterclockwise numbering of
atoms in ring
 2.PYRIMIDINE BASES
1. THYMINE (T)
2. CYTOSINE (C)
3. URACIL (U)
RNA = Cytosine & Uracil
DNA = Cytosine & Thymine
◈ Smaller Heterocyclic Bases
◈ Contain 6 Atoms ---- 2 N + 4 C
◈ Clockwise numbering of atoms in
the ring
 PYRIMIDINES
O
4 O
HN
4
CH3
2 HN 5
O
N 2
H NH2 O N
Uracil (U) H
4
2,4 Dioxy Thymine (T)
N
pyrimidine (5-methyl Uracil)
2
O N
H
Cytosine (C)
(2-oxy,4-amino pyrimidine)
 DNA REPLICATION
• In molecular biology, DNA replication is
the biological process of producing two
identical replicas of DNA from one original
DNA molecule.
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