PENGANTAR BIOPROSES/

INTRODUCTION TO BIOPROCESS (STK-

3229)
Pertemuan 1
Rivaldi Sidabutar, S.T., M.T.
Program Studi S1 Teknik Kimia - Fakultas Teknik
Capaian Pembelajaran Mata Kuliah (CPMK)

Setelah mengikuti perkuliahan Pengantar Bioproses ini,

mahasiswa akan mampu mendefinisikan dan
merencanakan konsep bioproses dan aplikasi bioproses dalam
proses Industri serta mampu memahami dan menggambar
kurva pertumbuhan mikroorganisme
Sub-CPMK
Sub-CPMK1:

Mahasiswa akan mampu mengidentifikasi dan menjelaskan

pengertian dan konsep Bioproses, apa kaitannya dengan disiplin
Ilmu Teknik Kimia, bagaimana aplikasinya dalam proses industri, dan
persiapan media pertumbuhan mikroorganisme dalam bioproses
Objective
1. Study aspects, scope, performance, and application of

bioprocess

2. Preparation of microbial growth media

3. Curve of microbial growth

4. Measurement and calculation of the number of microbes

Reference
1. Ketchum, P., Microbiology: Concepts and Application, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988.

2. D. Dwijosaputro. Dasar-dasar Mikrobiologi. Penerbit Djambatan 1990.

3. Krueger, et al., Introduction to Microbiology, Mc Millan, 1979.

4. Frosbisher, et al., Fundamental of Microbiology, Saunders (Toppan), 1974

5. Bailey dan Ollis. Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals, Mc Graw Hill, 1987

6. Aiba, et al., Biochemical Engineering, Tokyo University Press, 1973

7. Cooney, Fermentation and Enzyme Technology, John Wiley, 1973

8. Wang, D.C., Cooney, C.L., Dunnill, P., Humphrey, A.E., & Lilly. M.D. Fermentation and Enzyme
Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Singapore, 1979.
Schedule and evaluation assessment
Schedule :
• Class A and C : Wed, 1.00 – 2.10 p.m
• Class B and D : Wed, 8.00 – 9.10 a.m

Evaluation assessment
Evaluation Assessment is carried out on each learning achievement with details:
- Problem Based Learning (individual ass)
- Tasks (ind/grup)
- Ujian Pengukuran CP
 Short Quiz
What do you think about
BIOPROCESS ?
 -

Student
answer
BIOPROCESS

A combination of biotechnology and chemical engineering

The branch of science of chemical engineering that deals

with the design and construction of production processes
involving biological agents. Biological agents can be
microorganisms or enzymes produced by microorganisms.
Bioprocess study aspects

Utilization by technology
and industry

1 3

Biological agents Produced products and

(microbes, enzymes) services
The scope of BIOPROCESS

Laboratory scale: microbial selection steps or

enzyme performance description: 1-5 liter
fermenter

Pilot-plan scale: optimization of bioprocess

conditions/variables: fermenter 5 – 500 Liter

Industrial scale: considering the economic

calculation: fermenter 500 – 5000 liter
BIOPROCESS PERFORMANCE

1st Identification of products,

substrates and 3st Bioprocess rate kinetics
intermediates

2st Stoichiometry of process 4st Reactor design/modelling

 Bioprocess needs research assistance

01 02 03 04

Microbiology: Biochemistry: Genetics: the

Physiology: cell
understanding of chemical reactions genetic material
processes and
microbes (types, and processes in in cells
activities of an
structures and organism cells
components of cells)
 Microbes in bioprocess

The size is small, so simple genetic material

the ratio of area to cell
volume is high

relatively does not

produce toxic waste
(safe for the
Can grow on a variety environment)
of media

Reproduction is rapid
What is a BIOPROCESS
ENGINEER??
 Technically trained to understand, design, and
efficiently handle bioreactors.
 Ensures that a favorable sustainable state or
predictable outcome of a bioprocess is achieved
 Differentiating from other engineers, training in
biological sciences, especially quantitative and
analytical biological sciences, and green chemistry
 Short Quiz
Example of
Bioprocess Implementation?
Bioprocess applications and products

01 Medical field:

antibiotics, vaccines, vitamins, steroids, hormones,

antibodies, interferons etc.

Agriculture:
02
biopesticides, animal feed, xylase enzymes,
compost and fertilizers, Nitrogen fixing bacteria etc..

03 Chemical Industry

Ethanol, acetone, butanol, organic acids,

biopolymers, surfactants, perfumes etc.

04 Agroindustry :

Alcoholic beverages, fermented dairy products, PST,

organic acids, enzymes, antioxidants, sweetening
agents, dyes, aromas, etc.
General
Feedstock Bioprocessing Product

Cell culture

Bioprocess
GAS

Biocatalyst Bioreactor Recovery PRODUCT

LIQUID product
LINES
SOLID Enzymatic

Feedstock Bioprocessing Product

 Gas  Immobilized Enzymes  Separation  Pharmaceuticals
− Syn. Gas −Ambient to Extreme − In situ  Fine chemicals
− CO2  Fermentation − Secondary  Specialty Chemicals
− Organic vapor −Immobilized  Media  Feedstock
 Liquid −Free cell − Gaseous
 Bulk chemicals
− Organic −Ambient to Extreme −Aqueous
− Sugar solution  Bioreactors − Organic
 Solid −Continuous Systems
− Biomass −Membrane
− Consumer Waste −Batch or Fed-batch

Link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5eKdZ0dVCCo
 Microbial Growth

Objectives
• Define microbial growth
• Distinguish between binary fission and budding
• Classify microbes into five groups on the basis of preferred temperature range
• Explain microbial growth at low and high pH
• Provide a use for each of the four elements (C, N, S, P) needed in large amounts for
microbial growth
• Distinguish between chemically defined and complex media
• Justify the use of each of the following: anaerobic techniques, living host cells,
candle jars, selective, differential, and enrichment media
• Review some direct and indirect methods of measuring bacterial cell growth
 Definition
•Microbial Growth Defined:

1. Mother or parent cell doubles

in size
2. Divides into two daughter cells

• Microbial growth is defined as

the increase in the number of
cells, which occurs by cell
division
Thin section of the bacterium Staphylococcus,
undergoing binary fission
Budding
Bacterial Growth Curve
Illustrates the dynamics of growth
Phases of growth
• Lag phase
• Exponential or logarithmic (log)
phase
• Stationary phase
• Death phase (decline phase)
Compare growth in liquid and on solid
media
Microbial Growth
Microbial growth: Increase in cell number, not cell size!
Physical Requirements for Growth: Temperature (cardinal temperature)
• Minimum growth temperature
• Optimum growth temperature
• Maximum growth temperature
Five groups based on optimum growth temperature
1. Psychrophiles
2. Psychrotrophs
3. Mesophiles
4. Thermophiles
5. Hyperthermophiles
Fig. 6 .3
 Physical Requirements for Growth:
pH and Osmotic Pressure
Most bacteria grow best between pH 6.5 and 7.5: Neutrophils
Some bacteria are very tolerant of acidity or thrive in it: Acidophiles
(preferred pH range 1 to 5)
Alkaliphiles grow between pH range 9 to 11
Molds and yeasts grow best between pH 5 and 6
Hypertonic environments (increased salt or
sugar) cause plasmolysis
Obligate halophiles vs.
facultative halophiles
pH
Chemical Requirements for Growth: Oxygen
O2 requirements vary greatly

Table 6.1: The Effects of Oxygen on the Growth of Various Types of Bacteria
Chemical Requirements for Growth: Carbon, N,
S, P, etc.
• Carbon
•  Half of dry weight
• Chemoheterotrophs use organic carbon sources
(most bacteria decompose proteins)
• Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus
• Needed for ?
• Found in amino acids and proteins
Vit B1
• S in thiamine and biotin
• Phosphate ions (PO43–)
• Also needed K, Mg, Ca, trace elements (as
cofactors), and organic growth factors
Vit B7
Culture Media
• Culture medium: Nutrients prepared for microbial growth
• Have to be sterile (not contain living microbes)
• Inoculum: Microbes introduced into medium
• Culture: Microbes growing in/on culture medium
• Chemically defined media: Exact chemical composition is known (for research purposes
only)
• Complex media: Extracts and digests of yeasts, meat, or plants, e.g.:
• Nutrient broth
• Nutrient agar
• Blood agar
Types of Culture Media Commonly Used Media
• Natural Media: In nature, many species of • Yeast Extract
microorganisms grow together in oceans, lakes, and
soil and on living or dead organic matter
• Casein Hydrolysate
• Synthetic medium: A medium prepared in the
laboratory from material of precise or reasonably • Serum
well-defined composition

• Blood agar
• Complex medium: contains reasonably familiar material
but varies slightly in chemical composition from batch to
batch (e.g. peptone, a product of enzyme digestion of • Chocolate agar
proteins)
Agar
• Complex polysaccharide
• Used as solidifying agent for culture media in
Petri plates, slants, and deeps
• Generally not metabo- lized by
microbes
• Liquefies at 100°C
• Solidifies ~40°C
The Growth of Bacterial Cultures
Binary fission – exponential growth

Budding

Generation time – time required for cell to divide (also

known as doubling time)
Ranges from 20 min (E. coli) to > 24h (M. tuberculosis)

Consider reproductive potential of E. coli

Serial Dilution and Standard Plate Counts
• Standard plate count: One method of
measuring bacterial growth

• Agar plate: A petri dish containing a

nutrient medium solidified with agar

• Serial dilutions are used to dilute the

original bacterial culture before you
transfer known volume of culture onto
agar plate
Calculation of the number of
bacteria per milliliter of culture
using serial dilution
• Pour plate: made by first adding
1.0ml of diluted culture to 9ml of
molten agar
• Spread plate: made by adding
0.1ml of diluted culture to
surface of solid medium
 Question

In your opinion,
how do you calculate/measure microbial growth?
 Direct Measurements of Microbial Growth
Viable cell counts: Plate counts: Serial dilutions
put on plates CFUs form colonies
 Additional Direct Measurements

1. Filtration method of choice for low

counts
2. Direct microscopic count: Counting
chambers (slides) for microscope
Measuring Microbial Growth - Overview

Direct Methods Indirect Methods

• Plate counts • Turbidity
• Filtration • Metabolic activity
• MPN • Dry weight
• Direct microscopic count
CONCLUSION
1. (Muhammad Faiz)
- bacteria have 4 growth phase (log, exponent,
stationary, and death)
2. (Anastasia)
- Bioprocess is application of two department, ie
Microbiology and Chemical Engineering
- Bioprocess have 4 step : identification,
stoichiometry, kinetics, and design.
Next week :
Objective:

1. The control of microbial growth

2. The effect of microbial control agents on cellular structures

3. Compare effectiveness of moist heat vs dry heat

4. Kinetics of microbial growth

THANK YOU!