ETAMG

GAMETES
ES
ROMOMESOS CHROMOSOM
CH ES

OTIMISS MITOSIS

SISOIEM MEIOSIS
LELC
EANRBEM
CELL
M MEMBRANE
Prepared by: Patrice Duane Vergara
• define mitosis and meiosis and identify
what occurs at each phase of cell division;
• share the significance of mitosis and
meiosis; and
• create a Venn diagram to differentiate
mitosis and meiosis.
• The sequence of growth and division of a cell

Cell Division
—involves the distribution of identical genetic material
or DNA to two daughter cells. What is most
remarkable is the fidelity with which the DNA is
passed along, without dilution or error, from one
generation to the next. Cell Division functions in
reproduction, growth, and repair.
• Mitosis
• Produces two new daughter cells with the same
number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell
• Meiosis
• Reduction division produces progeny cells with one-
half the genetic content and number of
chromosomes as parent cell
• Produces gametes/spores

6
 Interphase
Non-dividing state
With 3 sub-stages:
_1__ – cell grows in size
– organelles replicated

_2__ – replication of DNA

– synthesis of proteins
associated with DNA

__3_ – synthesis of proteins

associated with mitosis
-proteins needed for Mitosis
are produced.

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

• Interphase is when the cell grows, and the
organelles double prior to the actual splitting of
the nucleus.
• 93% of a cell’s life is spent in interphase.
• Must duplicate and separate during Mitosis
• Structures of the tightly packaged DNA
• DNA is tangled up into a substance of chromatin
• The chromatin is packaged on the chromosome
 Mitosis
Division of somatic cells (non-reproductive cells) in
eukaryotic organisms.

A single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

Daughter cells have same # of chromosomes as does

parent cell.

Images: Cell cycle by Richard Wheeler;

Overview of Mitosis, Mysid From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
 Mitosis
4 sub-phases:
1st – Prophase

2nd – Metaphase

3rd – Anaphase

4th – Telophase
followed by

Cytokinesis

Image: Mitosis diagram, Marek Kultys From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
 1. Prophase

3 Major Events

- chromosomes condense

- spindle fibers form

(spindle fibers are specialized microtubules
radiating out from centrioles)

- chromosomes are captured

by spindle Fluoresced eukaryotic cell.
Chromosomes in blue. Mitotic spindle
apparatus in green.

Images: Prophase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body; Prophase
Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown, Fluoresced cell, National
Institutes of Health From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
• Chromosomes now called chromatids because they doubled to
form short thick rods which pair up and line up in the center
of the nucleus.
• A centromere connects the two halves of the doubled
chromatids.
• Spindle fibers begin to form.
• Spindle fiber – a fibrous structure from the cytoplasm
which forms to the centriole.
• Centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell.
• The nuclear membrane breaks down.
 Centromere

Sister Sister
Chromatid Chromatid

Unreplicated
Uncondensed Replicated
Chromosome Uncondensed
Chromosome
(chromatin)
(chromatin)
 Prophase
chromatin condensing
nucleus
chromosomes
nucleolus

centrioles
 2. Metaphase
• chromosomes align along
equator of the cell

centrioles
chromosomes

spindle fibers
Kinetocores not pictured in this illustration.

Images: Metaphase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human

Body; Metaphase Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown
• Centromeres of the chromatid pairs line up in
the middle of the cell.
• Metaphase plate- location where the
centromeres line up in the center of the cell.
• By the end of metaphase each chromatid has
attached to spindle fibers.
 3. Anaphase

• sister chromatids separate

• spindle fibers attached to

kinetochores shorten and
pull chromatids towards the
poles.

• free spindle fibers lengthen

and push poles of cell apart

Images: Anaphase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human

Body; Anaphase Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
• The spindle fibers pull the chromatids apart.
• This separates each one from its duplicate.
These move to opposite sides of the cell.
• Now there are two identical sets of
chromosomes.
 4. Telophase

• spindle fibers disintegrate

• nuclear envelopes form around

both groups of chromosomes

•chromosomes revert to their

extended state

• cytokinesis occurs, enclosing each

daughter nucleus into a separate
cell
Images: Telophase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human
Body; Telophase Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
• When the chromosomes reach opposite sides of
the cell the spindle fibers break up.
• The nuclear membrane begins to reform.
• A cleavage furrow begins to develop between
the two sets of chromosomes.
 • Plant cells undergo
cytokinesis by forming a cell
plate between the two
daughter nuclei.

• Animal cells undergo

cytokinesis through the
formation of a cleavage
furrow. A ring of
microtubules contract,
pinching the cell in half.

Images: Telophase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body;

Ciliate dividing, TheAlphaWolf; Telophase Onion Cell Photo, Source Unknown From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
• The two identical cells completely divide and
the cell membrane is completely formed.
 Stages of Mitosis

Image: Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown

 What is cell division of gametes called?

Meiosis
- A single germ cell divides into four unique daughter
cells.

- Daughter cells have half the # of chromosomes as

parent cell, so they considered haploid.

Image: Overview of Meiosis,

National Institutes of Health From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
• Diploid (2n) - A cell with two of each kind of
chromosome.
• One chromosome from each parent.
• If two body cells were to combine nuclei, the
number of chromosomes would double.
• In order for sexual reproduction to occur, each
cell involved must reduce its chromosome
number by half.
• Haploid (n)- A cell with one of each kind of
chromosome.
• Haploid cells are called gametes
• Gametes are either sperm or eggs
Organism diploid gamete
• Human 46 23
• Pea 14 7
• Fruit fly 8 4
• Dog 78 39
 In meiosis, there
are 2 divisions
of the nucleus:

meiosis I
&
meiosis II

Image: Overview of Meiosis,

National Institutes of Health From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
• Interphase-
• Chromosomes replicate
• Each chromosome consists of 2 identical sister
chromatids
Questions?
• Direction: In a one whole sheet of
paper, write down the differences and
similarities of mitosis and meiosis by
creating a Venn diagram.
• In a ¼ size of illustration select one type
of cell division and draw each stage.
Don’t forget to include the labels.