1 BASICS OF FIRST AID

THE FIRST AID AND FIRST AIDER

What's the First Aid?

First aid is the immediate assistance or care of a suddenly sick or injured person before
the arrival of an ambulance or other appropriately qualified person.

The person offering this help to a casualty must act calmly and with confidence, and
above all must be willing to offer assistance whenever the need arises.

First aid is a skill based on knowledge, training, and experience. The term "First Aider"
is usually applied to someone who has completed a theoretical and practical instruction
course, and passed a professionally supervised examination.

Aims of First Aid

• To preserve life.
• To prevent worsening of the condition.
• To promote recovery & and relive pain.

What's the First Aider?

A first aider is the person who has been trained well
to be able and willing to give the first aid required to
a victim until the ambulance coming.

Responsibilities of a First Aider

• Maintain his accreditation to the level of ‘First Aid, CPR and AED’ by a Registered
Training Organization with consistent refresher training every 2 years maximum.
• Provide first aid within his work place to all persons when required.
• Undertake checks of the first aid kit to ensure it is compliant with the checklist.
• Recording his all doing with casualties on the “Report of First Aid”.
• Explain what his doing to the EMS staff.
• Keep the private information of privacy, not sharing with anyone unless EMS staff.

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Removing gloves

After giving care and making sure to never touch the bare skin with the outside of either
glove:

1- Grip one glove from the outside near the cuff and peel it down until it comes off
inside out.
2- Hold it with the remaining gloved hand.
3- Slip two fingers under (inside) the glove at the wrist of the remaining gloved
hand.
4- Pull the glove until it comes off, inside out, with the first glove inside it.
5- Dispose gloves properly in the biohazard waste bag or any plastic bag.
6- Wash hands thoroughly with soap and warm running water in 20 seconds. You
can use an alcohol–based hand sanitizer.

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Finding Problem
Effective first aid usually begins before any direct contact with the casualty. You should
approach any incident with firmness, authority, and control in order to reassure the
casualty and any bystanders. This is particularly important if there are many casualties,
when a calm, systematic attitude on your part can help to prevent

Emergency Action steps

Step 1 – Be sure the scene is safe
look for anything nearby that
might hurt you.

Step 2 – Check for response

Tap his shoulders and speak
loudly: Are you OK?. If there is
no response, you should call
for help.

Step 3 – Send for help

If the casualty is not response, or you think it is needed, send for help
promptly. Try to send someone else while you stay with the casualty. If you
are alone; do that by your self.

Step 4 – Check for Breathing

Look to the chest to see if the chest rises or
move. Do these checks for 5 – 10 seconds
before deciding. If he is breathing,
continue...

Step 5 – Check for injuries

Look to the body from head to toe, and try to
find any wound, bite, burn, fracture.. etc. If
ther is no injury, continue...

Step 6 – Check for medical conditions

Check if the patient wear any medical jewelry. As necklace or bracelet.

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 2 Adult CPR & AED
CPR stands for “Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation”. It consists of pushing on the chest
(compressions) and giving breaths.

CPR has 2 main parts: compressions and giving breaths. Pushing hard and fast is the
most important part of CPR. When push on the chest, you pump blood to the brain and
heart.

CPR FOR ADULTS

To determine if an unconscious adult needs CPR, follow the emergency action steps
(CHECK—CALL—CARE).

1- Check the scene for danger.

2- Call 1-1-2 or the local emergency number.
3- Care: check for breathing 5-10 seconds. If the person is not breathing, give CPR.

The sequence of CPR in an adult

Step 1 – Be sure the scene is safe.

Step 2 – Check for response

Tap his shoulders and shout: “Are you OK?”. If he doesn’t move, speak, blink
or otherwise react, then he is not responding.

Step 3 – Send for help

If the casualty is not response, send for help and to get AED if available. Try
to send someone else while you stay with the casualty. If you are alone; do
that by your self.

Step 4 – Check for Breathing

Look to the chest and check the breathing. Do these checks for 5 – 10
seconds before deciding.
If he is isn’t breathing at all, this means that the heart has stopped providing
oxygen to the brain and you must to provide an artificial circulation by
means of chest compressions and giving breaths.

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Step 5 – Give 30 compressions
For effective chest compressions, the victim should be on his back on a firm,
flat surface (not on a soft surface as a bed).

• Kneel beside the person’s chest and move clothes out of the way.
• Place the heel of one hand on the center of the chest, between the nipples,
place your other hand directly on top of the first hand and try to keep your
fingers off of the chest by interlacing them or holding them upward. Keeping
your arms and elbows as straight as possible so that your shoulders are
directly over your hands.
• Give 30 chest compressions.

- Push hard: 5 – 6 cm depth

- Push fast: at a rate of 100 – 120 compressions / minute (This rate refers
to the speed of compressions). It’s better to count out loud, “One, two,
three, four, five, six …” up to 30.
- Allow chest recoil: After each compression, release the pressure on the
chest without removing your hands and allow the chest to return to its
normal position before starting the next compression.

Step 6 – Opening the airway

Once you have given 30 compressions, open the airway using the head-
tilt/chin-lift technique. Place two fingers on the bony part of the casualty's
chin, lift the jaw, at the same time, place your other hand on the casualty's
forehead, and gently tilt the head well back.

The main reason for this is that muscular control in the throat is lost, which
allows the tongue to fall back and block the airway. Lifting the chin and tilting
the head back lifts the tongue away from the entrance to the air passage,
allowing the casualty to breathe.

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Step 7 – Give 2 breaths
While you opening the airway; pinch the nose and give 2 breaths by a
complete seal over the victim’s mouth. Each breath should last about 1
second and make the chest clearly rise.

Step 8 – Keep going

Continue cycles of chest compressions and breaths. Minimize the
interruption of chest compressions not more than 10 seconds.
Continue CPR until someone bring to you the AED machine; then directly use
it.

When to Stop CPR

Once you begin CPR, do not stop except in one of these situations:

• An AED is available and ready to use.

• You notice an obvious sign of life, such as breathing or moving.
• Another trained responder or EMS personnel take over.
• You are too exhausted to continue, ask someone to continue
• The scene becomes unsafe.

If at any time you notice that the person is breathing, stop CPR. Keep his airway open
by putting him in the side position and continue to monitor the person’s breathing and
for any changes in the person’s condition until EMS personnel take over.

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AED
These machines are called Automated External Defibrillators or AEDs for short. An
AED is a portable device that analyzes the heart’s rhythm and determines if an electric
shock is needed to restore an effective rhythm.

An AED can deliver that shock with the push of a button. An AED is not a replacement
for CPR. Always give CPR until an AED is ready to use. The device is very simple to
operate since it gives verbal instructions on how to use it. All you have to remember is
to turn it on. The AED is a "smart" device and will only deliver a shock when it is needed.

Let’s talk about when to use an AED. You still start out, as always, with the emergency
action steps: Check, Call and Care. Give CPR until an AED is at the scene and ready
to use.

Steps to use AED

1 Turn on the AED. Some turn on as soon as you open the case.
2 Pay careful attention to the voice prompts, they will tell you what to do next.
3 Remove the pads from their packaging, and then apply pads to the bare, dry chest.
Place one pad on the upper right chest, and the other pad on the lower left side.
(The pads have illustrations that show correct placement).

4 After applying the pads on the chest, connect and apply the cables on AED
5 Once cables plugged in, the AED starts automatically analyzing the heart rhythm,
you must not allow yourself or anyone else to touch the person while the AED is
analyzing. Say: “Analyzing. Everyone stand clear”.

The sequence of AED will look something like this:

• Analyzing heart rhythm. Do not touch the patient.
• Analyzing. Everyone stand clear!
• Shock advised. Charging. Stay clear of patient.

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6 Before you push the button to deliver the shock, make sure no one is touching the
person, not even you.

The sequence of AED will look something like this:

• Deliver shock now. Press the orange button now.
• Shocking! Stand clear!
• Shock delivered. It is safe to touch the patient. Begin CPR.

7 After a shock is delivered or if no shock is indicated, continue CPR until the AED do
re-analyzing the heart rhythm again.

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CHOKING
The airway may be obstructed by food, vomit, or some other foreign material. A child
may inhale a foreign body that can then block the lower air passages.

A foreign object that is stuck at the back of

the throat may either block the throat or
induce muscular spasm. This is choking.
Adults may choke on food that has been
inadequately chewed and hurriedly
swallowed. Young children and babies are
curious and like putting objects in their
mouths. Choking requires prompt action
from the First Aider; be prepared to
resuscitate if the casualty stops breathing.

RECOGNITION

• Cannot breathing.
• Cannot speaking
• Cannot cohghing or cough without sound
• Grey-blue skin (cyanosis) later.
• Distressed signs from the casualty, who may grasp the neck.

FIRST AID

(A) FOR A RESPONSE ADULT AND CHILD

1 If the casualty is breathing with noisy sound

(partial obstruction), encourage him to
cough, as this will help to dislodge the
obstruction.

2 If the casualty seems to be weakening, or

stops coughing or breathing, ask him: “Are
you choking?”; if he nod his head that he is
choking.. stand behind them. Place your
arms around her abdomen, bend him
slightly forwards and put your fist just below
the base of the breastbone. Put your other
hand on top and pull sharply inwards and
upwards five times. Listen for the
obstruction being dislodged.
3 Repeat steps 2. IF the casualty becomes
unconscious, or is found unconscious and
is known to have choked, treat as:

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 3 BLEEDING
BLEEDING
Bleeding is blood escaping from the blood vessel. So it classified by the type of blood
vessel that is damaged: artery, vein, or capillary.

FIRST AID

1 give the casualty a dressing and ask him to put it directly on the wound.
2 wear a disposable gloves.
3 Leaving any original dressing in place. If bleeding seeps through the dressing,
bandage another firmly over the top.
4 Bandage it in place firmly, but not so tightly as to impede the circulation.

Severe Bleeding

Severe bleeding happened with major open wound which has serious tissue damage.
To care for that, you must act at once. Follow these steps:
1 Put on disposable gloves, you may need to wear eye protection.
2 Control bleeding by applying a direct and firm pressure on the wound with gauze,
until the bleeding stops. If still bleeds, add more dressing over it and apply additional
pressure.
3 Have the person rest comfortably and provide reassurance.
4 If you still can’t stop the bleeding, you can use a tourniquet as a last choice.
5 Care for shock if happened.

Using Tourniquets

A tourniquet is a tight band placed around an arm or leg to constrict blood vessels in
order to stop blood flow to a wound. Because of the potential for adverse effects, a
tourniquet should be used only as a last resort, when direct pressure does not stop
the bleeding.

In most areas, application of a tourniquet is considered to be a skill at the emergency

medical technician (EMT) level or higher.

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In general, the tourniquet is applied around the
wounded extremity, just above the wound. The
tourniquet should not be removed in the pre-
hospital setting once it is applied.

The time that the tourniquet was applied should

be recorded and then given to EMT

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DIABETES
This is a condition in which the body fails to regulate the concentration of sugar
(glucose) in the blood. Blood-sugar levels are normally controlled by a hormone
(insulin) produced by the pancreas.

Without insulin, sugar accumulates in the blood, and can cause (hyperglycemia).
Diabetic patients must carefully balance the sugar amount in their diet and regulate
their blood sugar with insulin injections or tablets; too much insulin or too little sugar
can cause (hypoglycemia).

LOW BLOOD SUGAR (HYPOGLYCEMIA)

Diabetic patients must be aware of the risk of hypoglycemia. When the blood sugar
level falls below normal, brain function is affected rapidly .Diabetic patients is better
to carry a blood-sugar testing kits, and are usually well prepared for emergencies.

Causes of hypoglycemia
• Delayed or missed meal after insulin injection.
• Not enough food eaten
• Excessive exercise.
• Too much insulin given.

Recognition
• A history of diabetes; the casualty will sometimes recognize the onset of a "hypo"
attack.
• Strange actions or behavior; the casualty may seem confused, be violent, or may
look as alcohol drank.
• Palpitations and muscle tremors.
• Weakness
• Headache
• Feeling thirst or hunger.
• Pallor, cold, and clammy skin.
• Impaired level of response, and may be lost
FIRST AID
1 if he is response and can swallow, give him a sugary drink, sugar lumps, dates,
honey, or other sweet food. Then encourage him to see a doctor even if he feels
fully recovered.
3 For an unconscious patient, open the airway and check breathing; place him in
side position.
4 Monitor breathing, pulse, and response. Dial EMS and be ready to resuscitate.

NOSEBLEEDS

These most commonly occur when blood vessels inside the nostrils are ruptured.
Nosebleeds are usually merely unpleasant, but they can be dangerous if the casualty
loses a lot of blood. Where a nosebleed follows a head injury, the blood may appear
thin and watery. This is very serious.

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FIRST AID

1 Sit him down with his head held well forward.

Don’t let his head tip back; blood may run down
to throat and induce vomiting.
2 Ask the casualty to breathe through his mouth,
and to pinch his nose just below the bridge.
3 Tell him to try not to speak, swallow, cough,
spit, or sniff, as he may disturb blood clots. Give
him a clean cloth or tissue to mop up dribble.
4 After ten minutes, tell the casualty to release the pressure. If him nose is still
bleeding, reapply the pressure for further periods of ten minutes.
5 IF the nosebleed persists beyond 30 minutes, take or send the casualty to hospital
in the treatment position.

4 BURNS
ELECTRICAL BURNS
Burns may occur when electricity passes through the body. Much of the visible damage
occurs at the points of entry and exit of the current. However, there may also be a track
of internal damage. The position and direction of entry and exit wounds will alert you
to the likely extent of hidden injury.

Dangers of Electrical burns

Burns may be caused by a lightning

strike or by low or high-voltage
current. An electric shock can cause
heart arrest. If the casualty is
unconscious, your immediate
priority, once you are sure it is safe,
is to do CPR if needed.

Recognition
There may be:
• Unconsciousness.
• Full-thickness burns, with swelling, scorching, and charring, at both the point of entry
and exit.
• Signs of shock.
• A brown, coppery residue on the skin, if the casualty has been a victim of "arcing"
high-voltage electricity. (Do not mistake this for injury.)

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FIRST AID

1 Never go near the person until you are sure he is not still in contact with the power
source. Turn off the power at its source and care for any life-threatening conditions.
Don’t approach a victim of highvoltage electricity until you are officially informed that
the current has been switched off and isolated.
2 Be aware that electrocution can cause cardiac and respiratory emergencies.
Therefore, be prepared to perform CPR and use an AED.
3 Don’t flood the sites of injury with water unless he suffering from severe pain, and
cut away any burned clothing if necessary.
4 Place a sterile dressing, a clean, folded triangular bandage, or some other clean
material over the burns to protect them against any airborne infection.
5 Reassure the casualty and treat for shock.
6 Any person who has suffered an electrical shock needs to be evaluated by a
medical.

5 HEAD INJURIES
HEAD INJURIES
A head injury is any trauma to the scalp, skull,
or brain.

Some injuries are minor because the skull

protects the brain. Some injuries are severe
enough to require a stay in the hospital.

Common Causes
• Road traffic accidents
• Accidents at home, work, outdoors, or while playing sports
• Falls
• Physical assault

RECOGNITION

There are things you should look for:

1- Altered mental status or Unresponsiveness
2- Scalp wound and bleeding
3- Dizziness, nausea, or vomiting
4- Loss of memory of events before or during the injury
5- Abnormal vital signs
6- Convulsions

FIRST IAD

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 1. If he still response, sit him down and
use a cold compress against the
injury (ice bag wrapped in a cloth).
2. Treat any scalp wounds like a bleed,
by applying direct pressure to the
wound. Be careful not to apply too
much pressure because you may put
pressure on the brain if skull has
been fractured.
3. Support his neck, maintain manual stabilization of the head and neck and
keep the person laying flat.
4. If he not response, their head injury could be severe. Open their airway, check
their breathing and prepare to resuscitate if needed. Put him in side position if
he is breathing.
5. Don’t pack the ears or nose with dressings.
6. Call EMS, while you’re waiting for an ambulance, keep checking his breathing,
pulse and any changes in their level of response.
7.
D – INSECTS, SPIDER, AND SCORPION STINGS
The severity can vary, depending on the type of the animal. Some people also
develop a severe allergic reaction. Bee and wasp allergies are particularly common.

Recognition
• Puncture marks
• Redness
• Swelling
• Pain or burning sensation
• Itching
• Numbness
• Weakness
• Fever

FIRST AID
1 Keep the patient calm and still.
2 Dial 112.
3 If the bee’s stinger is still in the skin, remove it by gently scraping a flat-edged object,
such as a credit card, across the skin. Avoid using tweezers, since squeezing it may
release more venom.
4 Wash the area of the bite with soap and water.
5 Place a cold compress or ice pack on the area for 20 minutes to reduce pain and
swelling. Wrap any ice or ice packs in a clean cloth to protect their skin.

scorpion bee Black widow spider

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EXPOSURE TO HEAT
When the atmospheric temperature is the same as your body temperature or higher,
the body cannot lose heat by radiation or by evaporation. If there is also a humid
atmosphere, sweat will not evaporate from the body.
In these circumstances, particularly during strenuous exercise when the body
generates more heat, heat exhaustion or heatstroke can occur.

HEAT EXHAUSTION

This condition usually develops gradually and is caused by loss of salt and water from
the body through excessive sweating. This is an emergency condition.

Recognition
• Headache, dizziness, and confusion.
• General weakness
• Nausea
• Heavy Sweating, hot, and pale skin.
• Cramps, usually in the legs or abdomen.
FIRST AID
1 Help the casualty to move to a cool
place. Lay him down.
2 Sent someone to call the 112.
3 Remove heavy clothing.
4 Give him sport drinks.
5 Spray some water to his body to cool
him.
6 Even if the casualty recovers quickly,
ensure he sees a doctor.
7 put ice compress on the cramps muscle
if present for 20 minutes.

HEAT STROKE

A failure of the "thermostat" in the brain causes this condition. The body becomes
dangerously overheated due to a high fever or prolonged exposure to heat. In some
cases, it follows heat exhaustion when sweating ceases and the body can’t be cooled
by evaporation. Heatstroke can occur suddenly, causing unconsciousness within
minutes. Heat stroke is a true life threatening medical emergency condition.

Recognition
• Headache, dizziness, and confusion.
• General weakness
• Nausea
• Little or no Sweating, with hot, flushed skin.
• Cramps in the arms, legs, or the abdominal wall.
• Rapid deterioration in the level of unconsciousness
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FIRST AID
1 Quickly move the casualty to a cool place. Remove as much of his outer clothing as
possible.
2 Sent someone to call the 112.
3 Apply cool packs to his neck, groin, and ambits.
4 Keep the skin wet by applying water.
5 Fan the victim constantly.
6 IF the casualty's responses deteriorate, or he becomes unconscious, open the
airway and check breathing; place him in the recovery position and be prepared
to resuscitate if necessary.

Action after finishing the fit

7 Give first aid for the injuries if present.
8 Check breathing, place him in the side position if everything are stable. Stay with
him until he is fully recovered.
9 If there is no breathing be prepared to resuscitate.

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