Biological Macromolecules

CARBOHYDRATES

 Are substances containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

 Generally known as sugars which is derived from greek word
saccharide
 chief energy sources for cellular activities within the cell
 Serve as the backbone of other molecules
CLASSIFICATION OF
CARBOHYDRATES
1.MONOSACCHRIDE C2H12O6

 Simplest form of sugar

 Has a skeleton of three (triose), four (tetrose), five (pentose), six (hexose) or seven
(heptose) carbon atoms
Glucose

 Is also known as dextrose or blood sugar

 The most important fuel sugar for the brain, liver, pancreas, adrenal and pituitary glands
Galactose

 Part of the disaccharide lactose

 Milk sugar
 Shared with the same atomic composition with glucose but with different structure
Fructose

 Sweetened sugar
 Sweeter than the lactose
 Found in fruits like sweet corns, ripe mangoes, prunes, watermelons, apples and pears.
Ribose and Deoxyribose

 Contains five carbons

 The sugar components of the RNA and DNA
2. DISACCHARIDE C12H22O11

 Made up of two simple sugar molecules covalently bonded

Sucrose

 Glucose and Fructose

 Table sugar which is extracted and crystalized from such plants
 Hydrolysis the process in which the sucrose is being broken down into monosaccharide
in the small intestines to be utilized by the cells
Lactose

 Milk sugar
 Composed of glucose and galactose molecules
Maltose

 Malt sugar
 Juices and grains
 A raw material used for beer manufacturing
 Through the process of hydrolysis the molecules of the glucose is liberated the fermented
to yield alcohol and carbon dioxide
3. Polysaccharide

 Made up of more than two simple sugar molecules

Starch

 Abundant in complex plants

 A storage carbohydrate made up of glucose units
 Can be found in potato tubers, carrots, corn and some roots and stem
Cellulose

 Found in plants that helps support by giving strength and rigidity

 Insoluble carbohydrate that is made up of tough fibrous material that holds together the
plant structure
 made up f glucose units
Glycogen

 Stored carbohydrates in animals and fungi

 Made up of glucose units
 A source of reserve units when needed
 Sometimes called the animal starch
Chitin

 Found in the outer coverings of animals such as insects and crustaceans

 The main structural material in external skeleton, biting mouth parts and other
specialized structures such as eye lenses and copulatory organs
Acidic Polysaccharide

 Group of polysaccharide that contains carboxyl group and/or sulfuric ester groups
 Plays an important role in the structure and function of connective tissues