I-FORMALIST CRITICISM

2021
 I-Formalist criticism
Le njulalwazi isetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya ukubumbeka kombhalo
wobuciko (structure), ibuka lokho kuphela, ayibheki okunye. Ngamanye
amazwi le njulalwazi icubungula umbhalo ngaphandle kokuthi ibheke
eminye iminxa yombhalo.
Ibheka umbhalo njengohlobo oluthize lobuciko obuqanjwe ngumuntu
futhi olulandela imigomo yalo ethize.
Indaba / umdlalo noma inkondlo akumele siyibheke njengombhalo
ocubungula isimo somphakathi, umlando noma impilo-mlando
yombhali.
Kodwa umbhalo kumele siwuqonde ngokuthi sicubungule lezo zinto
eziwubumbile, okuyizinto esizithola phakathi kulowo mbhalo. Ngakho-
ke kufanele sihlole noma sibheke ukuthi umbhalo lowo ubhalwe
kanjani.
Yini ebhekwayo uma kuhlaziywa umbhalo?
 ABALINGISWA (endabeni emfushane/ enovelini)
Umlingiswa osemqoka/ oqavile/ omkhulu

Lona nguye ophethe indaba yonke.

Ngaphandle kwakhe ngeke yaba khona indaba.
Ukuphela kwakhe ukuphela kwendaba.
Izigameko zonke ezibalulekile zehlela yena.
Nguyena obhekene nenkinga, nozama ukuyixazulula.
Lona ngumlingiswa okuthi umfundi wombhalo abe ngasesayidini lakhe, abe
nozwelo ngaye, uma kukhona okubi okusolakala ukuthi kungase kumehlele,
umfundi wombhalo uze afise sengathi angayomhlebela ukuze asheshe abalekele
ingozi engase imehlele.
 Uma kukhona okubi okumehlelayo lo mlingiswa, kuyavama ukuthi umfundi
wombhalo onozwelo aze akhale nokukhala ngoba ezwelana naye. (Sekwake
kwakwenza yini wena lokhu?)
ABALINGISWA BENOVELI
• Umlingiswa omkhulu /Oqavile / osemqoka – uyena ophethe
indaba yonke, indaba ingaye (Bheka ekhasini eledlule).
• Ababalulekile: Badala izinkinga bedalela umlingiswa omkhulu /
abamsizayo ezinkingeni abhekene nazo.
• Abancane: Bangena bezokwenza umsebenzi abawenzayo,
bese bebuya bephuma endabeni.
 ABALINGISWA BENDABA EMFUSHANE
• Umlingiswa oqavile /osemqoka/ omkhulu / -uyena ophethe indaba
yonke, indaba ingaye.
• Imbangi – ophikisana nomlingiswa omkhulu, uphikisana nezinhloso
zakhe.
• Umqhathi /umxovi – uyena ongumxabanisi/ kungenzeka kungabi
umuntu kodwa kube yisimo, isib. Isimo sezulu, indlala, imali, njll.
• Umelekeleli /umlamuli – ulekelela noma ubani, angalekelela
umlingiswa omkhulu noma alekelele imbangi.
• Qaphela:Kukhona impikiswano mayelana nokuthi lezi zinhlobo zabalingiswa (imbangi,
umqhathi, umelekeleli) ziyizinhlobo zabalingisi bomdlalo, ngakho azifanele ukuba sendabeni
emfushane. Kwesinye isikhathi uye uze uzwe abanye osozilimi bekhuluma ngomlingiswa
okuthiwa umlingiswa ophikisa umlingiswa omkhulu, bebalekela ukusebenzisa igama elithi
‘imbangi’. Zifunele-ke ulwazi mfundi, uthole ukuthi ithini le mpikiswano, ihamba igcinephi, wena-
ke uthini ngayo. Thathani isinqumo ngokuvumelana nomfundisi wakho ngaleli phuzu).
 Ukuvezwa kwabalingiswa
• Lokhu kusho ukuthi bavela bengabantu abanjani endabeni, izimilo
zabo, izinto abazenzayo/ abazithandayo, indlela abantu
abakhuluma ngayo ngabo, njll.

• Okubalulekile ukuthi uma uchaza ukuvezwa komlingiswa othile

shono ukuthi ungumuntu onjani, bese wesekela okushoyo.
Ngamanye amazwi usho ngani ukuthi uwumuntu onjalo.
 UKUQANJWA KWABALINGISWA
• Lokhu kusho ukuthi bheka amagama abo, ubheke ukuthi ayabafanela
yini. Kwakungani umbhali eqamba lowo mlingiswa ngalelo gama?
Bukhona yini ubuhlobo phakathi kwezenzo zakhe / kwakwenzayo
negama lakhe? Isibonelo, uma umlingiswa enguPhakimpi,
uyalilandela yini leli gama? Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma elilandela
umbhali ukwazile ukumetha igama elifana naye ngenxa yezenzo
zakhe.
• [Usungazicabangela nje ukuthi empilweni nje ngokwejwayelekile
kubaluleke kangakanani ukuthi uma uqamba ingane, uyiqambe
ngegama elihle ngoba uma uyiqamba uthi uMxabanisi, usuzothini-ke
uma ivele ilandela leli gama, ifane negama layo? Ake ubheke elakho
igama, ubuke namagama amalungu omndeni wakho, ubuke ukuthi
owayebetha la magama wayecabangeni].
UKUBALULEKA KWABALINGISWA
• Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi ukuba khona komlingiswa othile,
kubaluleke ngani, qhaza lini alibambile endabeni
ukuqhakambisa indikimba eyethulwa umbhali.

• Isib. Umlingiswa omkhulu- shono ukuthi lona nguye ophethe

indaba yonke, izigameko zonke zehlela yena.
 IMIGOMO YENDABA EMFUSHANE
Ayibe nokuqoqeka -
• Isihloko: Kumele sihehe, sicashe, sibe sifushane.
• Abalingiswa: Ababe mbalwa, bangaba bathathu, kodwa abangeqi kwaba-5. Uma beqile akube nesizathu
esizwakalayo.
• Indikimba: ayingabi nezindikimba eziningi. Kodwa ke kuyiqiniso ukuthi umfundi wombhalo yena uyizwa kanjani,
yingakho kungeke nesimbelambela sempendulo efanayo kuwo wonke umfundi wombhalo.
• Isizinda: Inhle uma ithathe usuku olulodwa. Kuyenzeka ithathe okungenani izinsuku ezintathu kuya kwezinhlanu,
kodwa akungabi yizinsuku eziningi. Ayenzeke endaweni eyodwa; futhi okwenzekayo/ isigameko sibe sinye.
• Amakhasi: Awangeqi kwayishumi.
• Isikhathi sokuyifunda: ayingathathi amahora ngamahora kumbe usuku lonke ukuyifunda, okungenani akube
imizuzu engama-30.
• Isingeniso: Asisheshe sethule umlingiswa osemqoka nenkinga abhekene nayo.Umbhali onekhono uyakwazi
ukumethula emshweni wokuqala. Okubalulekile ukuthi akethulwe esigabeni sokuqala, zisuka nje.
• Emzimbeni umlingiswa osemqoka akalwe nenkinga abhekene nayo, azame ukuyixazulula.
• Esiphethweni akuvele isixazululo senkinga ebibhekene nomlingiswa osemqoka, kuvele obekungalindelekile/
ingwijikhwebu.
 IMIGOMO YENOVELI
• Njengoba kuyinoveli, akube yindaba ende.
• Isihloko asihehe, sibe nobudlelwane nengqikithi yendaba.
• Isizinda akukwazi ukuba siqoqeke, asigcogcome/ ayenzeke ezindaweni ezahlukene
futhi nesigameko asikwazi ukuba sinye, mazibe ningi. Khumbula phela ukuthi yindaba
ende lena.
• Isikhathi kungaba esasendulo/ esamanje/ ngezikhathi kusangena impucuko, njll.
Ingathatha noma isikhathi eside kangakanani ukwenzeka, kuphele ngisho iminyaka.
• Awukwazi ukuyifunda esikhathini esingaphansi kwehora, yindaba ende lena.
• Abalingiswa ababe baningi, beqe kwabahlanu. Ayikalelwe sibalo sabalingiswa,
bangaba noma bangaki.
• Amakhasi aweqe kwayi-100. Uma kuyinovelana (inoveli encane) amakhasi angaba
ngaphansi kwekhulu (100).
• Izindikimba zingaba noma zingaki, kuye ngomfundi wombhalo. Yebo ingaba khona
indikimba egqamile kunezinye.
ISIHLOKO SOMBHALO
• Isihloko sombhalo oyindaba emfushane, oyinoveli/ indaba ende;
umdlalo, kufanele sihehe.
• Singaba sobala noma sicashe.
• Kumele sihambisane nokuqukethwe wumbhalo.
• Akumele sibe side kakhulu, kuze kube sengathi yindaba yonke.
ISIZINDA
INDIKIMBA
• Lona wumongo wendaba / ingqikithi yendaba.
• Yilokho indaba ekhuluma ngakho.
• Itholakala emva kokufundwa kombhalo, waqedwa.
• Isib. Uma indaba ikhuluma ngabantu abathandanayo, kusho
ukuthi indikimba (w)uthando.
• Uma ikhuluma ngobugebengu singasho ukuthi indikimba
(w)ubugebengu.
• Indikimba ingaba yigama elilodwa kumbe ibinzana
lamagama.
• Indikimba ingaba umusho ophelele.
 ISAKHIWO (INDABA EMFUSHANE
• Isingeniso: Kwethulwa umlingiswa osemqoka nenkinga abhekene nayo/ isisusa. Umbhali
onekhono uyakwazi ukuthi zisuka nje emgqeni wokuqala kumbe wesibili avele amethule lo
mlingiswa, angapholisi Maseko. Omunye umbhali nanxa engemethule emgqeni wokuqala kumbe
wesibili, kodwa angenza isiqiniseko sokuthi uyethulwa esigabeni sokuqala. Okunye okwenzekayo
esingenisweni sendaba emfushane ukuthi kwethulwa nesizinda (kungangebe yiwo wonke
amabanga esizinda. Isibonelo, kungenzeka kuvele indawo lapho indaba yenzeka khona, kuvele
nesimo senhlalo kodwa kungaveli inkathi masishane). Umbhali onekhono angakwenza ukuthi
kokuthathu lokhu kuvele masishane esingenisweni.

• Umzimba: Umlingiswa osemqoka akalwe nenkinga abhekene nayo, abonakale eyishikashika

elwa nayo ezama isixazululo.

• Isiphetho: Akuthukululwe ifindo, kuvele okusha obekungaziwa. Sihle uma sizoba

nengwijikhwebu. Umbhali onekhono isiphetho sendaba sikushiya ubambe ongezansi, kumbe ube
nemibuzo enjengokuthi engabe kwasala kwenzekani.
 ISAKHIWO (INOVELI)
• Isingeniso: Sethula umlingiswa osemqoka nenkinga abhekene nayo/ isisusa
sodweshu. Kuvela nesizinda
• Umzimba:
- Udweshu – Ukuqala kwenkinga, abalingiswa abayingxenye kule nkinga basembalwa.
- Isixakaxaka – Lena yinkinga esinezimpande, yisigameko esiyinkinga enkulu esidala
isixakaxaka endabeni. Sebebaningi abalingiswa abangene lapha. Lesi sigameko
sibhebhezela inkinga okwenza indaba ikhuphukele kuvuthondaba.
- Uvuthondaba- Lesi yisigameko esikhulu kunazo zonke, indaba isisesicongweni,
nofundayo akusavumi ayibeke phansi incwadi, noma ngabe ubesozela akuvumi ayiyeke
lapha, ufuna ukuzwa ukuthi engabe iyozala nkomoni, kuvela amaqiniso abengaziwa.
• Isiphetho:Lokhu wumphumela wovuthondaba. Umbhali uyasonga, uma
kuvuthondaba bekuthethwa icala, lapha kuboshwa umuntu. Kutholakala izimpendulo
ngenxa yamaqiniso ethulwe kuvuthondaba.