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Chapter four
Acknowledgements
• Addisa Ababa University
• Jimma University
• Hawassa University
• Haramaya University
• University of Gondar
• American Society for Clinical Pathology
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention-Ethiopia
Chapter outline
• Introduction to Cerebrospinal fluid
• Routine laboratory assays
• Collection of sample
• Gross appearance
• Cell counts
• Chemical analysis
• Morphological Examination
• Microbiological Examination
• Serological Examination
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter the student will be able to:
1 State the structures involved in sperm production
and their function.
2 Describe the four components of semen with
regard to source and function.
3 Describe the normal appearance of semen and
three abnormalities in appearance.
4 State two possible causes of low semen volume.
5 Discuss the significance of semen liquefaction
and viscosity.
Learning Objectives
6 Calculate a sperm concentration and count
when provided with the number of sperm
counted, the dilution, the area of the counting
chamber used, and the ejaculate volume.
7 Define round cells, and explain their significance.
8 Describe the appearance of normal sperm,
including structures and their functions.
10 Differentiate between routine and strict criteria
for evaluation of sperm morphology.
11 Given an abnormal result in the routine semen
analysis, determine additional tests that might be
performed.
Physiology
Measure the pH
Using a narrow range pH paper, e.g. pH 6.4–8.0, spread a drop
of liquefied semen on the paper.
After 30 seconds, record the pH.
pH of normal semen: Should be pH 7.2 – 7.8
When the pH is over 7.8 this may be due to infection.
When the pH is below 7.0 and the semen is found to contain
no sperm, this may indicate dysgenesis (failure to develop) of
the vas deferens, seminal vesicles or epididymis.
Microscopic Examination
be performed to obtain estimates of sperm concentration,
motility, and agglutination.
polygonal cells of the urethral tract and ‘round cells' such as
spermatogenic cells and leukocytes can also be observed
when sperm are counted in a hemocytometer.
Motility (normal range 50% or above) is expressed as the
percentage of sperm that move.
Microscopic Examination
• Urinalysis and body fluids / Susan King Strasinger, 5th ed. 2008
• District laboratory practice in tropical countries. 2nd ed. Part I. Monica
Cheesbrough, 2005
• Text book of urinalysis and body fluids. Doris LR, Ann EN, 1983
• Urinalysis and body fluids: A color text and atlas. Karen MR, Jean JL. 1995
• Clinical chemistry: Principles, procedures, correlation. 3 rd ed. Michael L. Bishop
et al. 1996
• Tietz Text book of clinical chemistry. 3rd ed. Carl AB, Edward RA, 1999
• Clinical chemistry: Theory, analysis, correlation 4th ed. Lawrence AK. 2003
• ASCP Document
• Urinalysis lecture note . Mistire W. , Dawite Y.
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