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Understanding
Correlation Analysis

MATM 111 Math & Physics Department

 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
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1. Univariate data – dealing with single variable independently

with other variables
- Statistical options to describe:
Measures of Central Tendency
Variation, and other descriptive statistics

2. Bivariate data – involve 2 variables

- it describe relationships using Correlation Analysis
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
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Relationship (CORRELATION) may indicate the following:

1. Degree of Association
2. Cause and Effect
3. Predictive Ability
4. Reliability of Test
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
Examples of correlation in real life:
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1. The more social distancing I do, the lesser the risk of acquiring
COVID-19 virus.
2. The more time you spend running on a treadmill, the more calories you
will burn.
3. Taller people have larger shoe sizes and shorter people have smaller
shoe sizes.
4. The longer your hair grows; the more shampoo you will need.
5. The less time I spend marketing my business, the fewer new
customers I will have.
6. The slower the internet speed I have, the more chances of
disconnecting from an online class.
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
Correlation Analysis
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- is a statistical method used to determine whether a

relationship between variables exists.

- it measures the association or the strength of the

relationship between two variables (let say x and y).

- “co” means together and “relation” (connection)

- it is a relationship between 2 or more variables that

are linked together.
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 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
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SCATTERPLOT
- “scatter graph” or “scatter diagram”

- It shows how each point collected from a set of bivariate data

are scattered on the Cartesian plane. (x – independent
variable; y – dependent variable)

- Good visual picture of two variables which helps in finding the

relationship that exists between two variables.

Graphical representation of the relationship between two variables.

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 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
z Direction of Correlation
 Positive Correlation –
Two variables are positively correlated if the values of the
two variables both increase.

 Trend line – the

line closest to
the points
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
z Direction of Correlation
 Negative Correlation –
Two variables are negatively correlated if the values of one
variable increase while the values of the other decrease.

 Trend line – the

line closest to
the points
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
z Direction of Correlation
 Zero Correlation –
Two variables are not correlated or they have zero correlation if one
variable neither increase nor decrease while the other increases.

 Trend line – the

line closest to
the points
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
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Degree of Association
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
z Strength of Correlation
 Trend line tells the direction of correlation

 Closeness of the points on the trend line indicates the strength of

relationship:
- strong correlation (perfect positive or negative)
- moderate correlation
- weak or no correlation
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
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Find the DEGREE OF

CORRELATION
Coefficient r
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
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The Pearson Product-Moment Correlation

Coefficient (r)
and its Verbal Interpretation

The symbol for Pearson's correlation is "ρ" when it is

measured in the population and "r" when it is measured in a
sample.

Math & Physics Department

Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
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Negligible / Slight
Correlation
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
Compute for the value of r.
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r=
∑X = 225
∑Y = 22
∑X2 = 9,653
∑Y2 = 143
∑XY = 651 r=
n=6

r = - 0.63 moderately negative correlation

Complete the table to find the value of r.
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The following data shows the scores of five
students in Math and English. Determine the degree of association.
Scores in Scores in
Student Math English
(X) (Y) X2 Y2 XY

Alice 3 5 32 = 9 52 = 25 3x5 = 15

Franz 9 8 81 64 72

KC 10 10 100 100 100

Jay 12 9 144 81 108

Mark 7 8 49 64 56

Mr. Ron P. Agaloos

TOTAL (∑) 41 40 383 334 351

r = +0.90 very high positive correlation

 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
z Correlation Coefficient

A researcher is 95% confident in his claim that there is a substantial

relationship between ages and the glucose level. Test his claim by
computing the correlation coefficient and testing its significant relationship.
(So the level of significance used is 5%)
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
Correlation Coefficient
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18,510

r = 0.565 moderately positive correlation

 Calculator Shortcut (CASIO)
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1. Shift
2. Mode Setup – 3 STAT
3. Select 2: A + BX
5. Type in data, then press equal sign
6. Press AC
7. Shift – STAT (1 on keypad)
Select the desired values
SUM : 3 ( ∑ )
REG: 5 (r -correlation)

Mr. Ron P. Agaloos

 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
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Asynchronous Learning