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Sonic Log Basics and Applications

The document discusses sonic logs, also known as acoustic logs, which measure the speed of sound waves in a wellbore. Sonic logs record interval transit time (DT), which is inversely related to velocity and depends on lithology and porosity. There are two main types of waves - compressional P-waves and shear S-waves. Early sonic tools had issues with borehole effects but modern dual receiver tools can compensate by using the difference in arrival times between two closely spaced receivers. The document provides details on sonic logging tools and waveforms to introduce the concept of sonic logs.

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UmarDhillon
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186 views12 pages

Sonic Log Basics and Applications

The document discusses sonic logs, also known as acoustic logs, which measure the speed of sound waves in a wellbore. Sonic logs record interval transit time (DT), which is inversely related to velocity and depends on lithology and porosity. There are two main types of waves - compressional P-waves and shear S-waves. Early sonic tools had issues with borehole effects but modern dual receiver tools can compensate by using the difference in arrival times between two closely spaced receivers. The document provides details on sonic logging tools and waveforms to introduce the concept of sonic logs.

Uploaded by

UmarDhillon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Sonic Log/ Acoustic Log

Instructor : Engr. Umar Khalid

Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering NFC IET Multan 1


The Sonic log
• Reference Books
i. The Geological interpretation of the well logs by Malcom Rider &
Martin Kennedy
Chapter 9 for theory part

ii. Open hole log Analysis and formation Resistivity By Richard M


Bateman
Chapter 16 for Numerical Problems

09/08/2023 Department of Petroleum & Gas Engineering NFC IET Multan 2


Sonic Logs
Introduction
• The sonic log records the speed of sound waves in a wellbore , and it is
also known as acoustic log.
• The sonic log data is displayed as interval transit time, abbreviated as
DT, Dt or Δt.
• DT is a measure of slowness; the inverse of velocity of the sound waves.
• The interval transit time for a given formation depends
• On its lithology and porosity.
• The dependence upon porosity makes the sonic log a porosity log.
Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering NFC IET Multan 3
Sonic Logs
• Sonic or sound waves are pressure waves that can propagate through
materials
• Two main waveforms are compressional (P waves) and shear (S
waves) waves.
• P waves move in the direction of Particle displacement, the Fastest
wave.
• S waves move in a direction perpendicular to the direction of particle
displacement less faster.
• Shear waves can not go through fluids and slower than P waves.

Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering NFC IET Multan 4


Sonic Logs
Waveforms
• Rayleigh waves (borehole
wall)
• Stoneley waves (borehole
wall)
• Stoneley waves propagate
along the borehole wall and
their velocity is always less
than that of borehole fluid
velocity.

Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering NFC IET Multan 5


Sonic Logs

The full acoustic waveform that may be recorded in the borehole.

Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering NFC IET Multan 6


Stoneley waves

Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering NFC IET Multan 7


Sonic Log
• Basic Sonic device

Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering NFC IET Multan 8


Sonic Log
• Basic Sonic device

Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering NFC IET Multan 9


Sonic Log
• Borehole compensated tool

Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering NFC IET Multan 10


Sonic Logs
Logging tools
• Early Sonic tools
• Had one transmitter or source (Tx) that emits a sound pulse and one
receiver (Rx) that picks up the and records the pulse passing the
receiver.
• Wave pulses generated by the transmitter travels through the mud
(A), formation (B) and mud again (C )
• Body made from rubber to stop waves traveling through the tool to
the receiver (Rx).
• Two main problems with this tool:
• Measured travel time was too long (mud travel time i.e.
A+B+C rather than B)
• Formation travel distance (B) was not constant in the case
of caving or tool tilting.

Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering NFC IET Multan 11


Sonic Logs
Logging tools
• Dual Receiver Tool
• 1 Transmitter 2 Receivers
• 2 receivers short distance apart, measure the difference
in arrival time of elastic waves.
• Time to receiver 1 (Rx1)=A+B+C
• Time to receiver 2 (Rx2)= A+B+D+E
• Therefore the sonic interval transit time
• DT=A+B+D+E-(A+B+C)=D+E-C
• If the tool is axial in borehole , then C is equal to E.
Therefore, DT=time T.
• Problem if tilted (or bad hole) as C≠E and the two
receiver tool do not work properly.
Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering NFC IET Multan 12

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