Welcome to our

Presentation
Today our topic is Processor and Memory
 What is processor?

The processor is sometimes referred to as the Central Processing Unit

(CPU). CPU is the brain of a computer system. It performs all major
calculations and comparisons, and also activates and controls the operations
of other units of the computer system.
 The CPU

■ Converts data into information

■ Control center
■ Set of electronic circuitry that executes stored program
instructions
■ Two parts
– Control Unit (CU)
– Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Processor and memory system
 Control Unit
(CU)
■ Part of the hardware that is in-charge
■ Directs the computer system to execute stored program
instructions
■ Communicates with other parts of the hardware
Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU)
Performs arithmetic operations
Performs logical operations
 Logical Operations

■ Evaluates conditions
■ Makes comparisons
=> NOT
■ Can compare <
– Numbers
<> AND
– Letters
>=
OR
– Special characters

<=
 Registers

Special-purpose
High-speed
Temporary storage
Located inside CPU

Data register
Instruction register
Holds data waiting to be processed
Holds instruction currently being executed
Holds results from processing
 Types of Storage

■ Secondary
– Data that will eventually be used
– Long-term
■ Memory
– Data that will be used in the near future
– Temporary
– Faster access than storage
■ Registers
– Data immediately related to the operation being executed
– Faster access than memory
 Processor speed

Most computer applications require that the computer system meets

minimum requirements in order for the installation to run. One of those
requirements is processor speed. Processor speed measures (in megahertz or
gigahertz; MHz or GHz) the number of instructions per second the computer
executes. 
 Types of Processors

■ CLSC Processors
■ RLSC Processors
■ EPLC Processors
■ Multicore Processor
■ Power-Efficient Processor
 Memory

The main memory in a computer is called Random Access Memory. It is

also known as RAM. This is the part of the computer that stores operating
system software, software applications and other information for the central
processing unit (CPU) to have fast and direct access when needed to perform
tasks.
Main Types of Memory

RAM
Random Access Memory

ROM
Read Only Memory
 RAM

■ Requires current to retain values

■ Volatile
■ Data and instructions can be read and modified
■ Users typically refer to this type of memory
 What’s in RAM?

■ Operating System
■ Program currently running
■ Data needed by the program
■ Intermediate results waiting to be output
 ROM

■ Non-volatile
■ Instructions for booting the computer
■ Data and instructions can be read, but not modified
■ Instructions are typically recorded at factory
 Types of RAM

SRAM
■ Retains contents as long as power is maintained
■ Faster than DRAM
 Types of RAM

DRAM
■ Must be constantly refreshed
■ Used for most PC memory because of size and cost
■ SDRAM
– faster type of DRAM
■ Rambus DRAM
– Faster than SDRAM
– Expensive
 Adding RAM

■ Purchase memory modules that are packaged on circuit

boards
■ SIMMS – Chips on one side
■ DIMMS – Chips on both sides
■ Maximum amount of RAM that can be installed is
based upon the motherboard design
 ROM

■ Programs and data that are permanently recorded at the factory

■ Read
■ Use
■ Cannot be changed by the user
■ Stores boot routine that is activated when computer is turned
on
■ Nonvolatile
 PROM

■ Programmable ROM
■ ROM burner can change instructions on some ROM
chips
 EPROM

■ EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory) is

programmable read-only memory (programmable ROM) that
can be erased and re-used.
 Cache

■ Small block of very fast temporary memory

■ Speed up data transfer
■ Instructions and data used most frequently or most
recently
Thank you
everyone