Lecture-02

Course Code: PHY101 (DBA)

Course Title: Introduction to Physics
Date: 22/05/2021

Dr. Ranojit Kumar Dutta

(DRD)
Assistant Professor
GED, Faculty of Science and Engineering 1
Lecture 02:
Introduction to Physics:
Heat and Temperature and their properties, Different
types of Temperature measurement scales and
relation between them, Thermal Expansion with
classifications and Examples, Transfer of Heat-
Conduction, Convection and radiation, Absolute
Zero Temperature.

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 Heat
Heat is defined as the transfer of energy across the boundary of a system
due to a temperature difference between the system and its surroundings.
Also we can define heat in the following way:
Heat is a form of energy which flows from higher temperature to lower
temperature by conduction, convection and radiation processes.

[Energy: Energy of a body is the capacity or ability to do work. It is measured by

the amount of work the body can do. The unit of energy is Joule.
Different form of energy:
1. Mechanical energy
2. Heat energy
3. Sound energy
4. Light energy
5. Magnetic energy
6. Electric energy
7. Electromagnetic energy
8. Chemical energy
9. Atomic energy
10. Solar energy] 3
Heat

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Heat

5
 Heat

Phase transitions

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 Temperature

Definition: Temperature is the thermal state of a body which controls

the flow of heat from one body to another body and determines the
direction of heat flow.

When we touch a piece of ice, we feel cold but if we touch a boiling kettle we
feel hot. The amount of hotness or coldness of a body is measured by a
quantity called temperature. Apparently, the degree of hotness is expressed
by temperature. Alternatively, the temperature of a body is the property that
determines whether or not the body is in thermal equilibrium with another
body.

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 Heat

Thermal equilibrium

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 Different types of Temperature
measurement scales
Different types of Temperature measurement scales:

There are five scales of temperature;

1. Celsius or Centigrade scale

2. Fahrenheit scale
3. Ideal gas scale
4. Kelvin’s absolute thermodynamic scale and
5. International scale of temperature

Celsius or Centigrade scale: The scale in which ice point and steam point are taken
as 0° and 100° respectively and the difference between 0° and 100° is equally divided
into 100 parts is called the Celsius or Centigrade scale and each part is called 1°C.

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 Different types of Temperature measurement scales

Different types of Temperature measurement scales:

Fahrenheit scale:
The scale in which the ice point and steam point are at 32° and 212° respectively and
the difference between these two points is equally divided into 180 parts is called the
Fahrenheit scale and each part is called 1°F.

On comparison of Celsius and Fahrenheit scale we find that

100 parts in Celsius scale = 180 parts in Fahrenheit scale.

i.e., 100°C change scale = 180°F change
So 1°C change = 180/100°F change = 9/5 °F change

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 Different types of Temperature measurement scales

Different types of Temperature measurement scales:

Ideal gas scale:

The temperature at which the volume of gas theoretically becomes zero is called
absolute zero temperature. The value of the absolute zero temperature from the
Charles’s law is – 273°C or -495.4 °F. Taking this absolute zero temperature i.e.,
-273 °C as zero and along with some other fixed points the scale which has been
developed is called ideal gas scale.

[The gas which obeys Boyle’s law and Charles’s law is called an ideal gas.]

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 Different types of Temperature measurement scales

Different types of Temperature measurement scales:

Kelvin’s thermodynamic scale:

In Celsius and Farenheit scale the lower fixed point or zero point has been fixed
arbitrarily. It is 0°C in Celsius scale and 32°F in Farenheit scale. It is not the
lowest temperature. Matters have temperature much lower than this. In 1848
Lord Kelvin introduced a new scale of temperature. It is called absolute scale or
Kelvin scale.
So, the temperature scale which is introduced taking -273.16°C as zero is
called Kelvin’s temperature scale.

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 Different types of Temperature measurement scales

Different types of Temperature measurement scales:

International scale of temperature:

There is no similarity between different scales. To avoid this difficulty

the ‘ International committee for weights and measures’ in 1927 in its
meeting recommended a practical scale. The name of this scale is
“International scale of temperature”. This scale is similar to the Kelvin
scale.

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 Temperature measurement scales and relation between them

Temperature measurement scales and relation between them:

Table for different scales of temperature

Name of the Symbol Lower fixed Upper fixed Fundamental

Scale point point Interval
Celsius C 0° 100° 100

Farenheit F 32° 212° 180

Kelvin K 273 373 100

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 Temperature measurement scales and relation between them

Temperature measurement scales and relation between them:

Consider a thermometer, Let its lower and upper fixed
points be A and B respectively. Let the upper surface of
the mercury column in the thermometer at a particular
temperature be P.
Let three thermometers, calibrated respectively in
Celsius or Centigrade Fahrenheit and Kelvin are
taken. Suppose the point P reads C in the Celsius
scale, F on the Fahrenheit scale and K on the
Kelvin scale. The lower fixed point A coincides in
the three thermometers and this points are 0°C,
32°F and 273K in the three scales respectively. The
upper fixed point B also coincides in the three
thermometers and the point corresponds to 100°C,
212°F and 373K in the three scales. 15
 Temperature measurement scales and relation between them

Temperature measurement scales and relation between them:

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 Temperature measurement scales and relation between them

Temperature measurement scales and relation between them:

This is the relation between Celsius, Farenheit and Kelvin scales.

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 Homework (HW)
1. Find the temperature whose value is the same in Celsius and
Farenheit scales?
Let the temperature be x
We have.
C=F=x
x/5=(x-32)/9
9x=5x-160
9x-5x=-160
4x=-160
X= - 160/4
X=-40

C= -40°C, F= -40°F
1. At what temperature both the Farenheit and Kelvin scales gives the
same value?
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F=K=x
 Homework (HW)

1. At what temperature both the Farenheit and Kelvin scales gives the
same value?
F=K=x
(F-32)/9=(k-273)/5
(x=32)9=(x-273)/5
5x-32×5=9x-273 × 9
5x-9x=-2457+160
-4x=-2297
X= 2297/4
X= 574.25
F= 574.25°F, K=574.25K

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 Homework (HW)

Which temperature has 40 difference in Celsius and Farenheit scale?

Let the temperature in Celsius scale be x

According to Farenheit scale = x±40
We know,
C/5= (F-32)/9
x/5= (x±40 -32)/9
9x= 5x±200-160
4x= 200-160=40 (for+)
4X=40
x= 10°C

4x= -200-160=-360 (for-)

4x = -360
X= -90°C

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 Homework (HW)
For C= 10°C
C/5= (F-32)/9
10/5=(F-32)/9
90= 5F-160
-5F=-160-90
-5F=-250
5F= 250
F=250/5
F=50°F

For C= -90°C
C/5= (F-32)/9

-90/5= (F-32)/9
-90×9= 5F-32×5
5F-160=-810
5F=-810+160
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 Homework (HW)

5F=-650
F= -650/5
F=-130°F

For C= 10°C, F=50°F

And
For C= -90°C, F=-130°F

Farenheit scale = 10±40

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 Temperature measurement scales and relation between them

Absolute Zero Temperature:

-0°C = -273K; (Absolute Zero Temperature)

A temperature scale has been built taking absolute zero temperature as

zero. This scale is called absolute scale of temperature.
Taking absolute zero temperature as zero, the scale in which temperature
difference for each degree is equal to one degree Celsius is called absolute
Celsius scale. In honour of Lord Kelvin the temperature in this scale is
denoted by K (Kelvin).
In this case 0°C = 273K;
-0°C = -273K; (Absolute Zero Temperature)

1°C = (273+1)K = 274K

100°C = 273+100=300K
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 Thermal Expansion with
classifications and Examples

Thermal Expansion with classifications and Examples:

Thermal Expansion:
If the temperature increases, then the volume of the material also increases.
Generally, this is known as thermal expansion. We can express it in this way
that it is the fractional change in length or volume per unit change in
temperature. In case of expansion of a solid, normally linear expansion
coefficient is usually employed.

In case of thermal expansion of solid, it is described in terms of change in

length, height, and thickness. For liquid and gas, the volume expansion
coefficient is more useful. Generally, if the material is a fluid then we can
describe it in terms of change in volume. Among the atoms and molecules, the
bonding forces vary from material to material. Characteristics of elements and
compounds are known as expansion coefficient.
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 Thermal Expansion with
classifications and Examples

Thermal Expansion with classifications and Examples:

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 Thermal Expansion with
classifications and Examples

Thermal Expansion with classifications and Examples:

Types of Expansion:

Linear Expansion: Linear expansion is defined as the increase in the length of the
solid. Example: If we will consider one rod where the length of the rod is L, and we
will increase the temperature of a rod by a small amount. So Linear Expansion is
given by:

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 Thermal Expansion with
classifications and Examples

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 Thermal Expansion with
classifications and Examples
Types of Expansion:
Volume Expansion: Volume expansion is defined as the increase in the volume of
the solid on heating. With a change in temperature ∆t the change in volume of a
solid is given by ∆v=Vy ∆t where the coefficient of volume expansion is y.

Area or superficial Expansion: Superficial expansion is defined as the increase in

surface area of the solid on heating. If you consider at 0 0C area of a solid is A0 then
its area at t0c is given by: A0(l+βt). Unit of β is 0C-1 or K-1. Where β is known as the
coefficient of superficial expansion.
6α = 3β = 2γ
This equation shows the relationship between α is the linear expansion, β is the
superficial expansion, γ is volume expansion. These three coefficients of expansion
for a given solid are not constant because these values totally depend on the
temperature.
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Thermal Expansion with classifications and Examples

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 Thermal Expansion with
classifications and Examples

In one continuous piece from a roll of a sheet of aluminum rain gutters are
constructed. For a 30-meter-long what is the change in length? Where α=23×10-6C-
1 for temperature range ∆T=100F.

∆L= L0 α ∆T
= (30m) (23× 10-6)(500/9) = 3.8 cm

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 Transfer of Heat- Conduction,
Convection and radiation
Transfer of Heat- Conduction, Convection and radiation

Heat is a form of energy which creates sensation of hotness and

coldness. Heat may be transferred from a body at higher temperature
to a body at lower temperature by three processes.

There are;
1. Conduction
2. Convection and
3. Radiation

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Transfer of Heat- Conduction,
Convection and radiation

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 Transfer of Heat- Conduction,
Convection and radiation
Transfer of Heat- Conduction, Convection and radiation

Heat is transmitted through the solids by conduction process. For

liquids and gases heat is transmitted from one place to another by the
process of convection. Conduction and convection require some material
media.

Radiation:
Radiation is a process in which heat is transferred from one place to
another without the help of any material medium.

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 Transfer of Heat- Conduction,
Convection and radiation
Transfer of Heat- Conduction, Convection and radiation

Thermal Radiation:

Thermal radiation is the process by which heat travels from one place to
another place without the help of any material medium; if the medium
temperature will not be changed. The energy which is transmitted by
radiation is called radiant heat.

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Transfer of Heat- Conduction,
Convection and radiation

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 Homework (HW)
1. Find the temperature whose value is the same in Celsius and
Farenheit scales.

2. At what temperature both the Farenheit and Kelvin scales gives the
same value?

3. Which temperature has 40 difference in Celsius and Farenheit scale?

-4x = -2457+160
-4x = -2297
4x = 2297
X= 574.25K or F

9x = 5x+-200-160, 4x =+-200-160, x, c =10, F=50, x, c=-90, F= -130F

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 Homework (HW)
1. Which temperature has 40 difference in Celsius and Farenheit scale?

C=X
F= x+-40
We have,

c/5= (f-32)/9

-4x = -2457+160
-4x = -2297
4x = 2297
X= 574.25K or F

9x = 5x+-200-160, 4x =+-200-160, x, c =10, F=50, x, c=-90, F= -130F

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 Homework (HW)

1. Liquid nitrogen has a boiling point of –195.81°C at atmospheric pressure.

Express this temperature (a) in degrees Fahrenheit and (b) in kelvins.

2. The active element of a certain laser is made of a glass rod 30.0 cm long and
1.50 cm in diameter. Assume the average coefficient of linear expansion of the
glass is equal to 9.00 × 10−6(°C)−1. If the temperature of the rod increases by
65.0°C, what is the increase in (a) its length, (b) its diameter

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Homework (HW)

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