Lecture-01

Course Code: PHY101 (DBA)

Course Title: Introduction to Physics
Date: 20/05/2021

Dr. Ranojit Kumar Dutta

(DRD)
Assistant Professor
GED, Faculty of Science and Engineering 1
 Lecture 01:
Introduction to Physics:
Waves and Particles- Definition, Properties, Classifications
with examples and diagrams. Principle of Superposition of
Waves, Standing Waves, Resonance.

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 Waves
The wave concept is abstract. The world is full of waves, the
two main types being mechanical waves and electromagnetic
waves.
Examples of mechanical waves:
sound waves, water waves, and “grain waves.” In each case,
some physical medium is being disturbed—in our three
particular examples, air molecules, water molecules, and
stalks of grain.

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 Waves

Electromagnetic waves:
Electromagnetic waves do not require a medium to
propagate; some examples of electromagnetic waves are
visible light, radio waves, television signals, and x-rays.

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Waves andWaves
Particles

Electromagnetic spectrum 5
 Waves and Particles

kHz, MHz, or GHz

"Hz" is an abbreviation of Hertz, and "k" represents Kilo (thousand),

"M" represents Mega (million), and "G" represents Giga (thousand
million)

The first computers processors (CPU's) operated in kHz

Today, processors are reaching 3.8 GHz or higher speeds.
CPUs of the Apple A-Series (Apple A14 Bionic) 6x 1.8 GHz - 3.1 GHz

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Waves and Particles

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 Telecommunication

Telecommunication is the transmission of information by various types of

technologies over wire, radio, optical, or electromagnetic systems.
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 Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi (waɪfaɪ) is a family of wireless network protocols, which are commonly
used for local area networking (LAN) of devices and Internet access, allowing
nearby digital devices to exchange data by radio waves.

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Radio wave 10
 Waves

Definition:
Wave is a form of disturbance which travels through the
elastic medium due to the repeated periodic motion of
the particles of the medium about their mean positions
and energy is transferred from one place to another
without any net transfer of the medium.

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 Waves andWaves
Particles
Characteristics of Waves:

Crest: In transverse wave, the

points where the particles of the
médium have máximum
displacement in the positive
direction are called crests.

Trough: In transverse wave, the

points where the particles of the
médium have máximum
displacement in the negative
direction are called trough. Figure 1: Transverse wave.

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 Waves andWaves
Particles
Characteristics
Amplitude: Wave is of
anWaves:
energy transport
phenomenon. When a wave propagates
through a médium the máximum
displacement of a particle of the médium is
called amplitude of the wave. It is measured
in meters. Amplitude is directly related to the
amount of energy carried by a wave.

Wavelength: When a wave propagates

through a médium, the mínimum distance
between any two particles of the médium
which are in the same phase at any instant
is called the wavelength. It is called Figure 1: Transverse wave.
wavelength. It is also measured in meters. It
is denoted by λ (Greek letter lambda).
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Waves and Particles

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Waves andWaves
Particles

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Waves and Particles

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Homework

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 Waves and Particles
Types of Waves:
1. Transverse Waves: Transverse waves vibrate the particles of a
medium perpendicularly to the direction of wave travel to produce the
features shown in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1: Transverse wave. 18

 VARIABLES OF WAVE MOTION

Figure 2 The motion of water molecules on the surface of deep water in which a
wave is propagating in a combination of transverse and longitudinal
displacements, with the result that molecules at the surface move in nearly circular
paths. Each molecule is displaced both horizontally and vertically from its
equilibrium position.
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 Waves and Particles
Types of Waves:

Examples of transverse waves:

•Water waves
•Light waves
•S-wave earthquake waves
•Stringed instruments
•Torsion wave
The high point of a transverse wave is a crest. The low part is a
trough.

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 Waves and Particles
Types of Waves:
2. Longitudinal Wave: Longitudinal waves form when the particles of the
medium vibrate back and forth in the same direction of the traveling wave.
The wave can be visualized as compressions and expansions travelling
along the medium. The distance between adjacent compressions is the
wavelength.

Figure 2: Longitudinal wave.

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 Waves and Particles

Types of Waves:

Examples of longitudinal waves:

•Sound waves
•P-type earthquake waves
•Compression wave

Parts of longitudinal waves:

Compression: where the particles are close together.
Rarefaction: where the particles are spread apart.

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 Waves and Particles
Types of Waves:

Electromagnetic Waves:
Radio signals, light rays, x-rays, and cosmic rays.
Mechanical waves:
A wave which needs a medium in order to propagate itself. Sound waves and
water waves are all examples of this.
Matter Waves:
Any moving object can be described as a wave when a stone is dropped into a
pond, the water is disturbed from its equilibrium positions as the wave passes; it
returns to its equilibrium position after the wave has passed.

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 Waves and Particles
Electromagnetic Waves:

These waves are the disturbance that

does not need any object medium for
propagation and can easily travel
through the vacuum. They are
produced due to various magnetic and
electric fields. The periodic changes
that take place in magnetic electric
fields and therefore known as
Electromagnetic Wave. Figure: Electromagnetic wave

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 Waves and Particles
Physical Properties of waves:
Reflection: When a wave strikes a reflective surface, it changes direction, such
that the angle made by the incident wave.
Refraction: Refraction is the phenomenon of a wave changing its speed.
Diffraction: A wave exhibits diffraction when it encounters an obstacle that
bends the wave.
Interference: Waves that encounter each other combine through superposition
to create a new wave called an interference.
Polarization: The phenomenon of polarization arises when wave motion can
occur simultaneously in two orthogonal directions.
Dispersion: A wave undergoes dispersion when either the phase velocity or
the group velocity depends on the wave frequency. Dispersion is most easily
seen by letting white light pass through a prism.
Absorption: Absorption of waves means, if a kind of wave strikes a matter, it
will be absorbed by the matter. 25
 Waves and Particles
Physical Properties of waves:
A bat creates a loud,
high-frequency sound
that it sends out into
the night. That sound
reflects back off of
objects in the night.
Bats use their high-
pitched sound to help
find insects in the
dark.

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 Waves and Particles
Physical Properties of waves:

Sound propagates in all directions from a point source. Normally, only that which is
initially directed toward the listener can be heard, but refraction can bend sound downward.

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 Waves andWaves
Particles
Physical Properties of waves:

Diffraction occurs if a
wave encounters an
object and if the
wavelength is of the same
size

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 Waves andWaves
Particles
Physical Properties of waves:

Two traveling waves

which exist in the same
medium will interfere with
each other.

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 Waves andWaves
Particles
Physical Properties of waves:

Echosounders can use

different frequencies of
sound to find out
different things about the
ocean.

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Waves

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 Superposition principle
If two or more traveling waves are moving through a medium, the
resultant wave function at any point is the algebraic sum of the wave
functions of the individual waves.

Figure (a–d) Two wave pulses traveling

on a stretched string in opposite directions
pass through each other. When the pulses
overlap, as shown in (b) and (c), the net
displacement of the string equals the sum
of the displacements produced by each
pulse. Because each pulse displaces the
string in the positive direction, we refer to
the superposition of the two pulses as
constructive interference.
(e) Photograph of superposition of two equal, symmetric pulses traveling in opposite
directions on a stretched spring. 32
 Superposition principle

Superposition principle:

The superposition principle states that when two or

more waves move in the same linear medium, the net
displacement of the medium (that is, the resultant
wave) at any point equals the algebraic sum of all the
displacements caused by the individual waves.

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 Superposition principle
Let us apply this principle to two sinusoidal waves traveling in the same direction
in a linear medium. If the two waves are traveling to the right and have the same
frequency, wavelength, and amplitude but differ in phase, we can express their
individual wave functions as

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Superposition principle

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Superposition principle

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 STANDING WAVES

A standing wave (an oscillation pattern with a

stationary outline) can be produced in a string due to
the interference of two identical sinusoidal waves
traveling in opposite directions.

The amplitude at any point is a function of its

position x along the string.

Antinodes (A) are points of maximum displacement.

Nodes (N) are points of zero displacement.

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 STANDING WAVES

Normal modes of oscillation (a series of natural patterns of vibration) can

be excited in a string of length L fixed at each end.

Standing wave patterns in a stretched string of length L form a harmonic series:

(a) first harmonic, (b) second harmonic, and (c) third harmonic.

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STANDING WAVES

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 STANDING WAVES

These points of zero displacement are called nodes.

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STANDING WAVES

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 STANDING WAVES

A string on a cello vibrates in its first normal mode with a frequency of 220 Hz. The
vibrating segment is 70.0 cm long and has a mass of 1.20 g. (a) Find the tension in the
string.

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STANDING WAVES

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STANDING WAVES

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 Resonance

The phenomenon of vibration of a body under the influence of a

periodic force of same frequency as the natural frequency of the
body is called resonance.

The frequency of applied force at which the amplitude of vibration is

maximum is called resonance frequency. When the periodic force is
identical with the natural frequency of the body, a large vibration of the
body may be set up. This type of forced vibration in which the
frequency of the applied force is equal to the natural frequency of the
vibrating body is known as resonance.

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Waves

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 Waves andWaves
Particles

Bel: The amount of increase in loudness of a sound when its intensity

increases ten times is called 1 bel.

Decibel: The amount of increase in loudness of a sound when its

intensity increase 100.1 times is called 1 decibel dB.

Intensity: The sound intensity is defined as the sound pressure that

passes perpendicularly through a unit area of surface.

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Waves andWaves
Particles
Noise Average decibels (dB)
Leaves rustling, soft music, whisper 30
Average home noise 40
Normal conversation, background music 60

Office noise, inside car at 60 mph 70

Vacuum cleaner, average radio 75
Heavy traffic, window air conditioner,
noisy restaurant, power lawn mower 80–89 (sounds above 85 dB are
harmful)

Subway, shouted conversation 90–95

Boom box, ATV, motorcycle 96–100
School dance 101–105
Chainsaw, leaf blower, snowmobile 106–115
Sports crowd, rock concert, loud 120–129
symphony
Stock car races 130
Gun shot, siren at 100 feet 140 48
Homework (HW)

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 Homework

4. A sinusoidal wave is traveling along a rope. The oscillator that

generates the wave completes 40.0 vibrations in 30.0 s. A given crest
of the wave travels 425 cm along the rope in 10.0 s. What is the
wavelength of the wave?

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