Science 2nd prep.

2nd term unit 1 lesson 2 part 1

Wave motion

** you know that motion is an example of periodic

motion.
** if you throw a stone in water, concentric circles propagate on the
water surface.
This motion represents wave motion.

The role of waves in transferring energy

Activity >>> defining the concept of wave and its role in energy transfer:

Procedures:
1 – arrange the dominoes' pieces in a row at
equal distances.
2- push the first piece.

Observation:
The pieces fall one after the other, and don't change their positions.

Explanation:
1 – when the first domino piece falls, it will transfer its energy to the second piece which
falls transferring its energy to the third and so on.
2 – transfer of energy continues.

Conclusion:
The disturbance that propagates and transfers energy in the direction of propagation is known
as the wave.

The wave:
It is the disturbance that propagates and transfers energy in the direction of
propagation.

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Science 2nd prep. 2nd term unit 1 lesson 2 part 1

Exercise:
How do you explain the motion of the coin Y when the coin X is pushed though they never
touch?!!
- the energy of the first coin X is transferred
to the second coin which transfers the energy
to the third and to the fourth until it reaches
the last coin Y.
- the last coin gains energy and does not find
another coin to give it this energy, so that it
moves away.

:The concept of wave motion

Activity >>> concluding the concept of wave motion:

Materials:
- a hollow glass tube 30 cm long.
- A candle
- A burning incense stick.
- A tuning fork.

Procedures:
1 – fix horizontally the glass tube.
2 – put the burning candle at one end of the tube.
3 – tab the tuning fork and let it vibrate at the
other end of the tube near burning incense stick.

Observation:
1 – the flame of candle vibrates.
2 – sound waves have transferred energy from vibrating tuning fork to the candle flame.
3 – vapour of burning incense stick does not enter the tube which indicates the air molecules
do not move with the sound waves through the tube.

Explanation:
1 – energy is generated when he tuning fork vibrates. This energy
is transferred in the form of sound waves.

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Science 2nd prep. 2nd term unit 1 lesson 2 part 1
2 – the medium particles ( air and smoke particles ) do not move from their places during the
propagation of sound waves which carry energy to the candle flame.

Conclusion:
The movement resulting from the vibration of the medium particles at a certain moment in a
specific direction is known as wave motion.

Wave motion:
It is the motion produced as a result of the vibration of the medium particles at a
certain moment and in a definite direction.

The line of wave propagation:

It is the direction through which the wave propagates.

Remember: >>> in wave motion:

** Medium
:Types particles
of waves don't move from their positions, but they vibrate
only.
** the wave propagates carrying the energy in the same direction of its
propagation.
>>> According to direction of vibration of medium particles relative to the direction of
propagation:

.A : transverse waves .B: longitudinal waves

>>> according to the ability to propagate and transfer energy into:

A : Mechanical waves .B: Electromagnetic waves

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Science 2nd prep. 2nd term unit 1 lesson 2 part 1

:Mechanical and electromagnetic waves

*** why we can't hear the solar explosions occurring on the sun? But we can see the
light coming out of it?

*** why we hear the thunder after seeing lightning, although they happen at the same time?

Sound of solar explosions and thunder is a type of mechanical waves, while the sun light is
electromagnetic waves which propagate through vacuum with great velocity (3 × 108 m/s )

Comparison between mechanical and electromagnetic waves:

Mechanical waves
They need a medium to propagate.
They don't propagate through vacuum
They are transverse waves or longitudinal
waves.
Their speed is relatively low.
Examples :
 water waves (transverse waves)
 sound waves (longitudinal waves)
Electromagnetic waves
They don't need medium to propagate.
They propagate through vacuum ( space ).
They are all transverse waves.
Their speed is great. (3 × 108 m/s )
Examples;
 light waves.
 Radio waves. ( used in radars.)

water waves and sound waves are mechanical waves?

Because hey need a medium to propagate through.

Light waves and radio waves are electromagnetic waves?

Because they don't need a medium to propagate through.

Enrchment information:

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Science 2nd prep. 2nd term unit 1 lesson 2 part 1
** electromagnetic waves are a type of transverse waves that can propagate in free
space.

** they consists of electric field and a magnetic field

perpendicular to each other and to the direction of
wave propagation.

:Transverse and longitudinal waves

:A : Transverse waves

Activity >>> to show the nature of transverse waves:

Materials and tools:

- spring
- colored tape.
- Nail.

Procedures:
1 – fix one end of the spring to a wall using
the nail.
2 – tie the coloured tape in the middle of the
spring.
3 – move the free end of the spring up and
down perpendicular to the axis of the spring.

Observation:
1 – the rings of spring move up and down forming crests and troughs.
2 – coloured tape (which represents the particles of the medium) vibrates up and down without
transferring from its place.
3 – the wave propagates in a direction perpendicular to the vibration of the medium particles.

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Science 2nd prep. 2nd term unit 1 lesson 2 part 1
Conclusion:
1 – the transverse wave is formed of crests and troughs.

2 – during the wave propagation, the

medium particles don't move from their
postions, but they vibrate around their
rest positions.

3 – the disturbance in which the particles of

medium vibrate perpendicular to the direction
of wave propagation is known as " transverse
wave "

Transverse wave:
It is a disturbance in which the particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular to the
direction of the wave propagation.

The crest:
It is the highest point of the particles of the medium in the transverse wave.

The trough:
It is the lowest point of the particles of the medium in the transverse wave.

Water waves are transverse waves?

Because the water particles vibrate in a direction perpendicular to the direction of
waves propagation.

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Science 2nd prep. 2nd term unit 1 lesson 2 part 1

B : Longitudinal waves

Activity >>> to show the nature of longitudinal waves.

Materials and tools:
- spring
- colored tape.
- Nail.

Procedures:
1 – fix one end of the spring to a wall using the nail.
2 – tie the colored tape in the middle of the spring.
3 – push and pull the coil rings from left to right.

Observation:
1 – the rings of the spring are too close to each other in some areas (compressions) and they
are far away from each other in other areas
(rarefactions).

2 – the colored tape vibrates round its rest

position without transferring from its place.

3 – the wave propagates along the direction

of the vibration of the medium particles.

Conclusion:
1 – longitudinal wave is formed
of compressions and
rarefactions.
2 – during wave propagation, the
medium particles don't move
from their rest position but they vibrate around their rest positions.
3 – the disturbance in which the particles of the medium vibrate along the direction of wave
propagation is known as (( longitudinal wave )).

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Science 2nd prep. 2nd term unit 1 lesson 2 part 1

Longitudinal wave:
It is a disturbance in which the particles of the medium vibrate along the direction of
wave propagations.

The compression:
It is the area in the longitudinal wave at which the particles of the medium are of
highest density and pressure.

The rarefaction:
It is the area in the longitudinal wave at which the medium particles are of lowest
density and pressure.

Sound waves are longitudinal waves?

Because the medium (air) particles vibrate along the direction of waves propagation.

Comparison between transverse and longitudinal waves:

Points of Transverse wave Longitudinal wave
comparison
Definition: It is a disturbance in which the It is a disturbance in which the
particles of the medium vibrate particles of the medium vibrate
perpendicular to the direction of along the direction of wave
wave propagation. propagation.
Composition: Crests and troughs. Compressions and rarefactons.
Examples: Water waves. Sound waves.

Note
From the opposite figure:
The crest in transverse wave is equivalent to
compression in longitudinal wave:
Similarly, the trough is equivalent to the rarefaction.

Real life application: >>> physiotherapy tubes ((Jacuzzi)).

- Jacuzzi is a tube where moves in the form of circular waves.

Uses of Jacuzzi:

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Science 2nd prep. 2nd term unit 1 lesson 2 part 1
Use to treat:
1 – sprains and cramps by using hot water.
2 – Nervous tension by using cold water.

Questions on lesson:

Complete the following statements:

1 – when the tuning fork oscillates , …………………………… is generated which travels in the form of
sound waves.

2 – the molecules of the medium …………………………. During the passing of waves in the direction
of wave propagation without …………………………….. from their rest positions.

3 – in wave motion, the waves transfer ………………………. From the vibrating source to the medium
……………………………………. In their propagation direction.

4 – the mechanical waves are classified into ………………………. And ………………………….. waves.

5 - ……………….. waves need a medium to propagate through, such as …………………………. And

………………………………… waves.

6 – radio waves are considered …………………. Waves that propagate through free space with a
velocity of ……………………………

7 – transverse wave consists of ………………………… and ………………………………..

8 – the trough is the ………………………….. point of medium particles in the ……………………….. wave.

9 – the longitudinal wave consists of ………………………… and …………………………

10 – the crest in the ……………………. Wave is equivalent to the …………………………….. in the

longitudinal wave.

Choose the correct answer:

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Science 2nd prep. 2nd term unit 1 lesson 2 part 1

1 – in wave motion , …………………………….

a. medium particles move b.the waves move carrying the energy.
c. medium particles vibrate without transferring from their places. d . b and c correct.

2 - ……………………… is mechanical waves.

a. water wave only b. sound wave only.
c. microwave only d. both a and b

3 – radio waves ……………………….

a. are transverse mechanical waves. B. are longitudinal waves.
c. propagate through vacuum d. need a medium to propagate through.

4 – all of the following are electromagnetic waves except ………………………. Waves.

a. light b. sound c. x-rays d. radio.

5 – transverse wave consists of ……………………….

a. compressions and rarefactions b. troughs and rarefactions.
c. compressions and crests. d. crests and troughs.

6 – all of the following are transverse waves except …………………….. waves.

a. water b. light c. sound d. radio

7 – the electric bell produces pulses of …………………………

a. compressions and rarefactions. b. crests and troughs.
c. crests and rarefactions d. compressions and troughs.

8 – the highest point of the particles of the medium in the transverse wave is known as. ……..
a. the crest b. the compression c. the rarefaction. D. the trough.

9 – Jacuzzi is a tube where water moves in the form of …………………….. waves.

a. circular b. longitudinal c. oval d. no correct answer.

: Give reason for

?sound waves are mechanical waves, while radio waves are electromagnetic waves – 1
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
?the wave produced due to vibration of a string are transverse mechanical waves – 2
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
?we see lightning before hearing thunder – 3
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
?water waves are transverse mechanical waves – 4
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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